ZYGAENA. By H. Reiss. 
_ var. magnaustralis Vrty. from Algeria (Khenchela) is larger than australis and has larger forewing spots. 
From the mountains*of Andalusia (Sierra de Alfacar) Oberthur mentions the var. caerulescens (4 a) ( = stoe- 
chadis Rmb.) which besides having in the rfd a considerable extension and diffusion of the margins of hindwings, 
has same often heavily adumbrated. A $ from Sierra’Nevada (1200 m) is illustrated. Aberrations to be 
mentioned are: ab. pseudoaustralis (Bgff.) Eeiss (see below); f. tenuelimbata Romei with narrower margin to 
hindwings approximately as the german trifolii. — Then follows subsp. seriziati Oberth. (Vol. 2, p. 21, plate 4 k) 
from the sea-board of Algeria with brilliant steel-blue ground colour and lively carmine red spots on forewings, 
hindwings more or less heavily clouded with indigo blue. In ab. rusicadica Std. the forewing spots 1 and 2 as 
well as 3 and 4 are roundly confluent (Philippeville). Further must be mentioned: ab. nigra Dziurz. (Vol. 2, 
p. 21, plate 4k); ab. pseudoaustralis Bgff.: specimens with hindwings not more widely margined than in 
australis. — The subsp. orientalis Hormuz. (Vol. 2, p. 21) described from the Bukovina (alpine Plateau of the 
Lutshina) follows here. Hindwings have a very wide black margin extending sometimes to the middle of the wing. 
magnausira- 
lis. 
caerules¬ 
cens. 
'pseudo¬ 
australis. 
tenuelimba¬ 
ta. 
rusicadica. 
pseudo¬ 
australis. 
escheri Stdfss. is the bred hybrid from a cross between trifolii and filipendulae $ and fletscheri Tutt. escheri. 
lonicerae. 
citrina. 
cuneata. 
centri- 
puncta. 
incendium. 
trivittata . 
bercei. 
hades, 
translucens. 
from a cross between trifolii q and lonicerae $. 
The food plant of trifolii larvae is Lotus corniculatus L. and also for australis in the Atlas (Bcrgeff). 
The larva of the african australis differs from that of the european trifolii by its somewhat paler colouration, 
the lateral stigmata are only faintly indicated. 
Z. lonicerae Schev. in Vol. 2, p. 21/22 and p. 442, (= loti Stephens). The type race from Regensburg is 
identical with the mid german strains. Large forewing spots, spots 3 and 4 sometimes confluent, thinly scaled, 
the red sometimes mixed with yellow and fairly narrow margins to hindwings. The species is distributed in 
Lapland, Finland, Scandinavia, Denmark, England, central and southern Europe from Spain to the L rals, 
Pontus, Armenia, Altai and Ussuri. Besides the aberrations mentioned in Vol. 2, p. 21, the following are named: 
ab. citrina Speyer in Vol. 2, p. 21 and p. 442, (= lutescens Oberth.. flava Oberth.). Further ab. cuneata Tutt ; 
ab. centripuncta Tutt (both Vol. 2, p. 442) and similarly ab. incendium Oberth. (= rubrosuffusa Vrty., trans.). 
In ab. trivittata Tutt the forewing spots are conjoined longitudinally in the wing. The ab. bercei Sand' has spot 2 
widely confluent with spot 4 and diffusing, similarly 3 with 5, forming an irregular red area. Costa is free of red. 
The ab. hades Metschl (Regensburg) has spots and hindwings smoky-brownish and sooted with black. The 
spots are only clearly differentiable from the steel blue ground colour in oblique light. The ab. translucens Bgff. 
(— diaphana Bgff., praeocc. semidiaphana Std.) is very thinly scaled and has transparent wings. In ab. 
rubescens Bgff. (Vol. 2, p. 21) we have to add that spot 1 extends upwards as far as spot 5, the other spots expand 
irregularly and conjoin, the veins of the wing remaining black. The ab. privata Bgff. (Vol. 2, p. 21/22) belongs 
to filipendulae subsp. gemina Bgff. (see notes there). The names eboraceae Brest, and carnea Spul. are withdrawn, 
as also are semilutescens. Hew. and lutescens Hew. (Vol. 2, p. 442). — From the Province Brandenburg (Berlin, 
Brandenburg on the Havel and Tangermiinde) Bitrgeff separates var. praeacuta. These are large insects with praeacuta. 
pointed and narrow wings with long and heavy antennae and medium wide margins to hindwings. Colour is 
a bold carmine-rose frequently mixed with yellow in the fold area and at the base of hindwings. The black areas 
of the wings with faint superficial blue or green gloss. - - The subsp. linnei Reiss (4 a), type race from Slite on 
the Isle of Gothland and surroundings of Stockholm has easily recognisable characteristics. Heavily haired 
thorax and abdomen and somewhat wider margin to hindwings. Specimens with fairly similar race character¬ 
istics also occur in Lapland, Finland and Estland and the type covers these districts. The $ type is illustrated. 
— The var. kareliae Bgff. from Carelia is pale carmine-rose coloured. — A larger and more robust race with 
heavy hairs like linnei is var. stettinensis Reiss (4 a, b) from the neighbourhood of Stettin (Hoekendorff), 
similar specimens also occur in the neighbourhood of Sleswick. The $ type and a $ cotype are illustrated, 
subsp. latomarginata Tutt (Vol. 2, p. 442 as ab.) with wide wings, densely scaled and with wider to very wide 
margination of hindwings. Forewing spots and hindwings carmine-rose with slight yellow admixture. A heavy 
green gloss on the black parts of the wings and sometimes also on the abdomen of both sexes. Mid and south 
England, Smethwick, Bournemouth, New Forest. — The subsp. major Frey (= alpiumgigas Vrty.) from the 
southern valleys of the Alps (St. Nicolas in the Visp Valley), Vol. 2, p. 21, is very large with pointed wings, 
densely scaled and fairly wide margin of hindwings; ab. alpiumnana Vrty. are specimens similar to trifolii. In 
higher altitudes (Formazza Valley in the Tessin) it graduates into var. glaciei Vrty. which is smaller than major 
and more thinly scaled. — var. martinensis Reiss from St. Martin-Vesubie, in July, is more robust than major 
with wider wings and generally somewhat wider, almost uniform blue-black margins to hindwings. — subsp. 
apenninica Rocci from the ligurian and etruscan Apennines, Mt. Sibillini. The type race from Parma and Reggio 
from considerable altitudes is small and dainty, sparsely dusted, the wings extended and pointed. 1 he spots 
of forewings are small and the hindwings have fairly wide black margins. — var. etruriae Vrty. (Mt. Sennario, 
800 m) from Tuscany is more densely scaled with brighter red and of larger and more robust form. - The var. 
pauper Vrty. (4 b) from Mt. Sibillini (Marche), 1400—1700 m, differs very little from apenninica except through 
partial sparser scaling. A from Verity’s collection is illustrated. Verity classifies specimens as ab. ctntralitaliae 
linnei. 
kareliae. 
stettinensis. 
latomar¬ 
ginata. 
alpium¬ 
nana. 
glaciei. 
martinensis. 
apenninica. 
etruriae. 
pauper. 
ceniral- 
i tal iae. 
