24 
ZYGAENA. By H. Reiss. 
X. Subgen. Argrumenia Hbn. 
hi laris. Z. hilaris 0. (Vol. 2, p. 28/29 and p. 443) from Portugal, Spain, S. France, the Riviera eastwards to 
Savona. Type race from Portugal. According to the original description of Ochseniieimer it is very clear that 
the Portuguese form hilaris is an inversely marked form, that is more densely scaled than escorialensis (which 
is also inversely marked and that is rose-red instead of vermilion-red which is the colouration of hilaris). 
galliac. — The subsp. galliae Oberth. (2 1) distributed over South France (as type race) the Pyrenees and Maritime Alps 
is especially variable in South France, and is fairly large and robust. The red spots of forewings vary very 
much in size, they are more or less carmine or vermilion red, the border of spots is narrow or wide, straw yellow, 
orange yellow or even red, so that in the latter case it mingles with the spots. Although scarcely one specimen 
is the same as another, the general appearance of the southern french race is homogeneous. Collar, scapulae 
and hairs of thorax are more or less yellowish white. Abdomen always without a belt. The illustration in Vol. 2, 
plate 7 i denominated hilaris belongs here. Still to be mentioned are ab. confluens Oberth. (Vol. 2, p. 28, plate 7 i) 
(= conjuncta Spul., erubescens Sag.)-, ab. bicolor Oberth. and ab. unicolor Oberth. (also Vol. 2, plate 7 k). The 
foulquieri. yellow form is ab. foulquieri Oberth. (Vol. 2, p. 443); the name pallida Oberth. (Vol. 2, p. 443) is withdrawn. 
tricolor. Further ab. tricolor Oberth. when the yellow does not entirely suppress the black ground colour as in bicolor, 
ononidis. as black spots or streaks are left between the red spots, notably between spots 2 and 4. - The var. ononidis 
Mill. (Vol. 2, p. 28) (2 1) of galliae is found on the coast around Cannes, in the Esterel and the Maritime Alps. 
It has small spots, almost always separate from one another and faintly bordered with white-yellow, the red is 
exarcuata. dark carmine. The ab. exarcuata Bgff. occurs frequently. — From the heights around Barcelona and the 
catalonica. southern slopes of the Montseny (Catalonia) Sagarra names the var. cataionica (= cataloniana Bgff.). This 
is smaller than the other races, the yellow borders of the medium large, scarcely confluent spots are very 
narrow. It differs from ononidis Mill, by its smaller size and wider spots. The red colour is less pronouncedly 
vermilion. At Ribas in the Pyrenees of Catalonia it occurs according to Bitrgeff in more brilliantly vermilion 
red specimens, not differring otherwise. — New denominations of subsp. escorialensis Oberth. (Vol. 2, p. 28, 
fallen, plate 7 k) are: ab. fallen Reiss without a trace of yellow borders to red spots of forewing. Ground colour pure 
rose, every trace of yellow admixture has disappeared entirely from red of fore and hindwings, from Castile. 
aphrodisia. _ In Andalusia we have var. aphrodisia Bgff. (= hilaris Rmb.) (2 1) which is a little smaller than escorialensis, 
but not inversely marked as same, nevertheless however with the same delicate rose reflected through. The 
spots of fore wings are medium large, the edges of which are partly immediately and partly not quite adjacent 
through the delicate creamy yellow borders. The specimens illustrated are from Sierra Nevada (Andalusia) 
inversa. 1200 m, caught by Querci; the $ is a transition to inversa. Of this race Bitrgeff names ab. inversa (= hilaris 
exarcuata. var. Rmb.) with inverse spots and ab. exarcuata in which the upper arcuate part of spot 6 is absent from 
forewing, so that the lower wider remaining part appears like an isolated triangular spot. 
fausta. 
brunnea. 
suevica. 
pygmac- 
oides. 
inversa. 
cingulata. 
genevensis. 
pygmae- 
oides. 
lacrymans. 
forlunata. 
tricolor. 
lugdunensis 
melusina. 
dupuyi. 
L. fausta L. (Vol. 2, p. 29 and p. 444, plate 8 c): The ab. brunnea Oberth. has red-brown spots on forewing 
and brown hindwings; ab. lugdunensis Mill. (Vol. 2, p. 29) (= flava Reiss) (2 1) is the yellow form. — At the 
northern edge of the Swabian Alb (Hohenneuffen, Wielandsteine etc.) a special race occurs: var. suevica Reiss 
(2 m) which is larger than typical fausta (for instance from Thuringia). The yellow border of forewing spots is 
fainter, especially in rfrf, dusky and darker, it does not stand out clearly as in typical fausta. The yellow of 
streaks on thorax is reduced, often the streaks appear to be coloured red halfway to the heavy red collar. The $ 
type is illustrated. Small specimens of this race are ab. pygmaeoides ( Black.) Bgff. (see below). The ab. 
inversa Reiss is a fausta with inverse markings in which the red of forewings has become so predominant 
that only 4 roundish black spots with yellow borders are left. - Specimens of var. jucunda Meissner (Vol. 2, 
p. 29), usually without abdominal belt, having a red belt are denominated ab. cingulata Reiss, jucunda is 
limited to the alpine region of West Switzerland, whilst var. genevensis Mill. (Vol. 2, plate 8 c, jucunda) 
originates from Mount Saleve near Geneva and scarcely differs from jucunda excepting the paler yellow borders 
to spots of forewings and a slightly smaller size. Of genevensis-. ab. segregata Black. (Vol. 2, p. 29) and ab. 
pygmaeoides Black, representing very small specimens. - The race from the Grisons Alps (Filisur): var. 
lacrymans Bgff. (= fausta Zeller) (2 1) is scarcely smaller than typical fausta but it has relatively longer and 
narrower wings. The general impression is a much more dusky one. The spots of forewings are reduced in size, 
their yellow borders are only faintly developed. The red abdominal segments are more or less covered by 
interspersed black scales. Hairs and fringes of wings long. - The subsp. fortunata Rmb. (2 m) from the Charente, 
mid-France, is generally larger and with wider wings than the type race. The forewing spots are slightly larger, 
spots 3 and 4 are generally confluent and sometimes narrowly bordered with yellowish-white. The specimens 
illustrated are from Dompierre sur mer. In ab. tricolor Oberth. the yellow of the borders of red spots on forewings 
has suppressed the black in the area of spots, so that there is only a round black spot left between red 
spots 5 and 6; ab. lugdunensis (Mill.) Oberth. is the yellow form. To this main race belong also ab. melusina 
Oberth. and ab. dupuyi Oberth. (Vol. 2, p. 444). In the former the black of the spot area is suppressed and 
replaced by yellow and the red spots are widely confluent together, so that an inverse form is created with 
