18 
ZYGAENA. By H. Reiss. 
i seudoachil- 
leae. 
divisa. 
pseudo - 
cynarae. 
seudowag- 
neri. 
latemargi- 
nata. 
varvipunc- 
ta. 
pauper a. 
decollata. 
■anslucens. 
lavocincta. 
flavoin- 
spersa. 
conjuncta. 
parva. 
flava. 
oropinqua. 
pseudo- 
ligustica. 
praeclara. 
•iptolemus. 
confluens. 
flavoprae- 
texta. 
cingulata. 
naximeru- 
bra. 
restrict a. 
verityana. 
aspera. 
aestivalis. 
transsyl- 
vaniae. 
batcanica. 
acedonica. 
Brilliant blue specimens are rarer, green glossy specimens frequent. The specimens illustrated are from Genoa. 
■The great variability of this subspecies is shown by the following aberrations: ab. pseudoachilleae Rocci with 
axe-like mark 5—6 like achilleae; ab. divisa Rocci with spots 5 and 6 of forewings separated (six-spotted); ab. 
pseudocynarae Rocci, purely five-spotted, spot 5 round, narrower margin on hindwings; ab. pseudowagneri 
Rocci is similar to wagneri with fairly wide black margin on hindwings, five-spotted: ab. latemarginata Bgff. 
(= latomarginata Rocci, n. praeocc.) with considerably wider black margin on hindwings; ab. parvipuncta Rocci 
with very small spots on forewings; ab. paupera Rocci without spot 4; ab. decollata Rocci without white necklet; 
ab. trarsslueeras Bgff. (= diaphana Rocci n. praeocc.) with semi-transparent wings in consequence of sparse 
scaling. Further ab. flavocincta Rocci with yellowish circumscription of spots of forewings; ab. flavoinspersa 
Rocci like former but with yellow dusting between spots; ab. conjuncta Rocci ( = confluens Rocci, trans.): 
spot 1 confluent with 3 and rarely spot 2 with 4 and ab. parva Rocci relating to small specimens about half the 
size. The ab. flava HebsacJcer is the yellow form, flavescens Rocci is a transition thereto. — The var. propinqua 
from greater altitudes of the ligurian Apennines (Mount Alpesisa) is named by Rocci. It has generally less 
brilliant colouration and the characteristics of ab. pseudoachilleae of ligustica. Specimens of this race that are 
similar to ligustica are called ab. pseudoligusfica Rocci. 
The remarkably large and beautiful main race from the southern valleys of the Alps (Etsch and Eisack 
Valleys near Bolzano) are named by Burgeff subsp. praeclara (2 c) (hitherto erroneously classified as bellis 
Him., Vol. 2, p. 27, plate 7 c). The size and above all the stout abdomens of $$ are characteristic, rich colours 
with considerable blue sheen of <§<$, fainter blue or green gloss in Red is more vermilion than carmine. 
The majority of $$ without yellow dusting. 
The tuscan races as type race and besides the iqiper and mid-italian races with the exception of the 
group from the Riviera, are assembled under subsp. triptolemus Hbn. (2 d) as dark forms from the Litoral in 
Italy do not occur with the exception of Liguria and the variations of the races grouped together hereafter 
are small. Hubner mentions Tyrol as the locality. Oberthur assumes the race from Tuscany to be the type 
race which agrees with Hubner \s illustrations. The ground colour is steel-blue sometimes faintly greenish, 
spots of forewings and hindwings inclined to be vermilion red. Spots enlarged. The 9? are large with wide 
wings, sparsely dusted with yellow or scarcely at all. Margin of hindwings narrow. The 3 illustrated comes 
from the hills round Florence (Burgeff’s collection). Aberrations to be enumerated are: ab. confluens (. Dziurz .) 
Bgff. (= emirubra Vrty. and elongata Vrty.)-, ab. flavopraetexta Bgff., see previously and ab. cingulata Vrty. 
(= cingulata Trti.) with red abdominal belt. — Varying races are: var. maximerubra Bgff. (= ruberrima Vrty., 
n. praeocc.) with increased red from the Province Caserta (Mount Mainarde). Spot 1 strongly diffused on costa, 
spot 2 often conjoined with sjiot 4. Spot 5—6 fan-shaped; in the 2nd half of June. — var. restricta Std. from 
the peninsular of Sorrent, Mount Faito, above 1000 m is smaller (length of forewings 9- 12 mm). Abdomen and 
feelers very stumpy, the latter shorter, thinner, clubs much less heavy, ground colour glossy bluish black, 
fringes yellow. Spots reduced, spot 3 frequently minute, spot 5—6 generally small, narrow, falcate. The $$ 
shining grey-silvery, spots with whitish edges and these borders contrasting clearly from the general colouration. 
Red suffused. Hindwings almost hyaline transparent. var. verityana Bgff. (= bellis Vrty., n. praeocc.) from 
the Sibillini Mountains (Ascoli Piceno) with wide large spotted wings, approximating to praeclara, the $$ however 
very densely dusted with yellow and differing thereby from praeclara. The red is less brilliant than in maxime¬ 
rubra. — Close to maximerubra is a race from Mount Sirente and Mount Velino (Abruzzi): var. aspera Bgff. 
It approaches praeclara in regard to size and has large brilliant red spots. The $$ are heavily scaled with 
golden yellow. This yellow scaling is very coarse like the rest of the scaling. The yellow scales are visibly 
interspersed among the black. The fringes especially at the inner angle of hindwings are long and ciliate. 
Forma aestivalis Oberth. is the smaller summer form (August) with less deep colours. 
In Transylvania (Gyergyoszent-Miklos) we have subsp. transsylvaniae Bgff. which varies considerably. 
They are very dark specimens. The small spot 6 of forewings is conjoined with the enlarged spot 5. In the 
disperse yellow scaling occurs, that is increased in the areas around the spots and indicates a yellow border to 
spots. The hindwings have definite black margins. The subsp. balcanica Reiss (2 c) from Istria, Bosnia and 
Herzegowina (Type race from Koricna, Bosnia, 1000—1200 m) is of a dusky appearance and has fairly 
wide wing contour with rounded apex. The $ is dusted with impure yellow on forewings. Hindwings of the 
<33 more or less margined with black. Thorax and abdomen distinctly hairy. The $ type is illustrated. - 
Whilst balcanica still retains the normal red with inclination towards vermilion, on the other side of the albanian 
frontier we find the pronounced rose colour of asiatic races, as in subsp. macedonica Bgff. (2 d) from Macedonia 
(lake of Dojran). Less large than the type race of achilleae, distinctly narrow-winged at least in the 3 . The 
white scaling of the legs is very pronounced, distinctly white double collar is present, thorax has whitish hairs 
also in the 3<S- The $$ densely scaled with bright yellow. Indications of black scaling only on the margin of 
forewings, also many 33 more or less dusted with yellow, so that the dark margin of forewings contrasts also 
