14 
ZYGAENA. By H. Reiss. 
sarpedon. 
hispanica. 
variabilis. 
carmcncita. 
balearica. 
bethunei. 
algecirensis. 
azona. 
puncta. 
pseudo- 
trimaculata. 
quinque- 
puncta. 
rubrior. 
totir ubra. 
punctum. 
ii ala. 
pseudo- 
contami- 
neoides. 
pseudody- 
sirepta. 
faiiensis. 
The thevestis larva differs from the favonia larvae by its whitish colour (instead of green). It feeds in 
spots in which the ground is particularly warm. 
Z. sarpedon Him. (Vol. 2, p. 20 and p. 441) from South France, Spain, Portugal, the Balearic Islands. 
The races of sarpedon are very intermixed or variable. For Hubner’s type the wrong locality of Italv was 
given, which he afterwards altered to Languedoc. But as a type race only specimens from Provence can come 
into question. - The var. hispanica Rmb. (1 m) from Andalusia, Castile is not very variable, it has narrow 
wings with small spots, thinly scaled up to the hyaline unsealed hindwing base. Spot 3 of forewings is absent, 
hindwings only slightly darker at outer margin. Specimens illustrated are from Grenada. Similar butterflies I 
have had from Guarda (Portugal). — Burgeff describes from Catalonia (Barcelona) the var. variabilis of which 
the name expresses the high degree of variability of this race. Spot 3 is absent from forewings, hindwings are 
red with more or less wide black border or black with red spot on discocellular or with more or less reddened 
costa, chiefly with black, sometimes with red fold-area. Both forms also occur in 3 various forms of scaling. 
The var. trimaculata (= vernetensis Oberth. Vol. 2, p. 20) occurs at Mines in Provence, in the East Pyrenees 
and in the Maritime Alps. — The var. carmcncita Oberth. ( = sarpedon H.-Schaff.) (4 m), Vendee, Morbihan, 
Lower Loire, Lower Charente, Basses-Alpes, Bouches du Rhone is robust, relatively large in build, fairly 
densely scaled with enlarged forewing spots. Ground colour of forewings is dark blue-greenish; red bright carmine. 
Spot 2 and 4 of forewings often conjoined at least along the vein, abdominal belt fainter, in many 33 only 
traces (Vendee). A 3 from Vendee is illustrated. Here we have to place ab. jlava Oberth. (Vol. 2, p. 20). 
subsp. balearica Bsd. (= confluenta Reiss) (lm): Cadiz, Sierra Nevada, Murcia, Balearic Islands. 
Boisduval illustrates a specimen from Cadiz. Recently I had specimens sent from Chiclana, which all had a 
rich, somewhat yellowish red in spots on forewings and hindwings, which were therefore more densely scaled, 
although not much larger than hispanica. The dark margination of the hindwings is almost always quite absent 
in the $, in the 3 it is narrower than in hispanica. Well pronounced distinct abdominal belt is always present. 
Specimens with punctum- like spot arrangement on fore wings do not appear to be rare. My specimens from 
Totana and Sierra de Espunna (Murcia) according to Ivorb correspond in general with these specimens of the 
typical balearica. The cGtype of confluenta from the Sierra de Espunna is illustrated. — var. bethunei Romei 
(1 m) which I received from Querci caught at Sierra Nevada (1200 m) also seem identical with balearica, 
especially as regards the size and denser scaling, as well as the heavy red abdominal belt, but there does not 
appear to be such a great variability as with balearica. Spots 2 and 4 are faintly conjoined, spot 5 is round. 
The only $ at my disposal has heavier black margination of hindwings than balearica. — A very pronounced 
subspecies is algecirensis Reiss (1 m, n) from Algeciras (according to Predota). It is larger and has wider wings 
than hispanica and balearica, scaling sparser. Antennae with heavy club-heads. Spot 1 of fore wings generally 
suffusing towards costa, spots 2 and 4 always conjoined (mostly widely), spot 3 faintly indicated, spot 5 mostly 
axe-shaped and very suffused. Hindwings hyaline at base, otherwise red, the black margin in the 3 only present 
at apex, in the $ generally quite absent. Hindwings very wide at inner margin. The whole body heavier, 
thorax and abdomen strikingly heavily haired in both sexes, partly with white hairs on the thorax. A heavy 
red abdominal belt over 2 segments. The types illustrated are from the Hungarian National Museum. 
The following aberrations are mentioned: ab. azona Reiss without abdominal belt under trimaculata, 
carmcncita and variabilis ; ab. puncta Reiss (4 n) with a small round red dot on the discocellular of the otherwise 
quite bluish black hindwings under variabilis-, ab. pseudotrimaculata Bgff. (= nigrata Reiss) under variabilis 
with completely adumbrated hindwings, without red body belt or only with traces of same; further ab. quinque- 
puncta Reiss with a distinctly perceptible spot 3 on forewings in the races hispanica and variabilis-, ab. rubrior 
Reiss thickly scaled as balearica, the enlarged spot 5 axe-like often suffusing towards the outer margin. The 
other spots are also mostly enlarged; under hispanica and variabilis. Finally there is still ab. totirubra (F . 
Wagner i. 1.) Bgff. (near Albarracin) with completely red forewings; the black margin of hindwings is narrow. 
The red abdominal belt extended over 2 segments and is open underneath. 
The larvae feed on Eryngium campestre L. like those of favonia. 
Z. punctum O. (Vol. 2, p. 20/21) from Hungary (as type race), lower Austria, the Balkan peninsular, 
Italy, South Russia, Asia Minor. Burgeff substitutes var. itala for the already utilised name of italica Stgr.- 
Rbl. (Vol. 2, p. 21). Specimens, mostly from Italy that are similar to the var. contamineoides Stgr. (Vol. 2, 
p. 21) (1 n) which only occurs on Sicily, are best denominated as ab. pseudocontamineoides {Stgr.) Bgff. (Vol. 2, 
plate 4 h) and those that are like the var. dystrepta Fisch.-Wald. as ab. pseudodystrepta Bgff. — Stauder 
describes from Mount Faito the var. faitensis I have similar specimens in my collection from Mount Sirente 
-, that varies considerably from the var. itala Bgff. by the confluent spots of fore wings and approaching thereby 
dystrepta in appearance. Spot 5 of the forewings is very rarely separated from the other spots and at the same 
