12 
ZYGAENA. By H. Reiss. 
striata. 
exilioides. 
pseudo- 
vanadis. 
flavilinea. 
dilata. 
pyrcnaica. 
subochracea. 
montene¬ 
grina. 
abruzzina. 
striata. 
apfelbecki. 
sajana. 
zuleima. 
flavescens. 
confluens. 
aestiva. 
loyselis. 
occidentis. 
ungcmachi. 
In captivity exulans has been fed on Lotus corniculatus L. and Onobrychis sativa Lmk. The larvae hibernate 
once or twice. Wherever the actual food plant flourishes on chalky ground the insect is found every 2 years 
in considerable quantities, in other places on primeval stone one finds same more rarely but the vegetation 
there also suffices for its existence. 
Besides the aberrations in Vol. 2, p. 24, the following are denominated: ab. striata Tutt (Vol. 2, p. 443) 
with confluent spots on forewings; ab. exilioides Bgff. with extraordinarily wide margin to the hindwings which 
only retain the red colour in the inner third of the basal area. Specimens similar to subsp. vanadis Balm. 
(Vol. 2, p. 24) from Scandinavia and Lapland have been named ab. pseudovanadis Bgff. The $ ab. flavilinea 
Tutt is heavily scaled, veins, head and thorax being dusted with golden yellow. The names fulva S'pul. (Vol. 2, 
p. 24), pulchra Tutt, pallida Tutt, minor Tutt and clam Tutt (Vol. 2, p. 443) had best be withdrawn. — ab. 
confluens Strd. mentioned in Vol. 2, page 24, belongs to subsp. vanadis Balm., as also does ab. dilata Bgff. 
(instead of dilatata Vol. 2, p. 24, which is not systematically justified) in which spot 5 expands still more 
completely towards the outer margin than in achilleae. —- The var. pyrenaica Bgff. from the High Pyrenees 
(Mount Louis, Mount Canigou) is differentiable from the form of the Alps by the less variable wing contour and 
somewhat smaller size, further by the sparse golden yellow scaling of the veins in a part of the which in 
the forms of the Alps occurs much more frequently and is more strongly developed. — In subsp. subochracea White 
(1 k) from Scotland the chief characteristic is the remarkably heavy black margination of the hindwings. The 
sparser scaling and the pale red colouration approaches subochracea of vanadia Balm. The variability resembles 
the alpine form. The subochracea $ illustrated emanates from the Museum at Tring. — The subsp. montenegrina 
Bgff. (= apfelbecki Schawerda) from the Mountains of Montenegro in July is a small race, half as large as 
apfelbecki Rbl. described later on, which is only known in the $ form, montenegrina resembles more to 
subsp. abruzzina Bgff. (= apennina Rbl., n. praeocc.) (1 k) from the high mountains of Abruzzi (Gran Sasso) 
but it is not so variable in size as same. The wing contour of montenegrina approaches that of apfelbecki. 
The wings are more acute, the club of the antennae narrower and longer, the point more obtuse. The $ § resemble 
the BS and are almost without whitish or yellowish dusting on the veins. Whilst in abruzzina specimens with 
confluent spots: ab. striata {Tutt) Bgff. are extraordinarily frequent, they are entirely absent in montenegrina-, 
abruzzina is smaller and with narrower wings than apfelbecki and has more truncate wings. I have received quite 
small abruzzina from Mount Sirente. — Caught in June on the mountains of Albania (Schar-Dagh, Ljubeten) 
Rebel has described the var. apfelbecki. It is decidedly more slim and with narrower wings than the specimens 
of the high Alps, particularly the margin of the forewings and hindwings is distinctly shortened, so that the apex 
stands out more sharply. The spots are deeper and livelier red and without any trace of the light surround 
that so often occurs in the high alpine exulans. Spot 4 is always separated from spot 2; larger (higher). Length 
of fore wings 13 15 mm. I he black hairs of the body show also at the collar no trace of whitish admixture. 
Subsp. sajana Bgff. {Bang-Haas i. 1.) (1 lc) has been nominated from the Sajan Mountains (Munko 
Sardyk and Shawyr) found at 2500 m in June. It is as large as vanadis, therefore larger than exulans, with wider 
margin to the hindwings which have black veins. Club of the antennae short, relatively thin, slightly curved. 
Scaling less dense than in vanadis. Wing length more elongated with considerable yellow admixture to the red. 
Spots 3 and 5 of the forewings incline to be confluent. — Subsp. exiliens Stgr. (Vol. 2, p. 24, plate 6 c) is known 
to occur in the Tarbagatai Mountains as well as in the Altai. 
IV. Subgen. Hyala Bgff. 
Z. zuleima Pierr. (= ludicra Luc.) in Vol. 2, p. 19 and p. 441 (1 k) from Tunisia, Algeria. Rothschild 
has named a yellow form ab. flavescens. The form in which the spots of the forewings are confluent is ab. 
confluens Bziurz. (Vol. 2, p. 441). A small summer form from Tunis, flying in May, has been denominated by 
Burgeff as forma aestiva. — the larva has a bluish-green ground colour. It has 2 dorsal rows of black almost 
triangular spots at the anterior edge of the segments, of which 2 have between them a brilliant yellow spot on 
the dorsal. The usual yellow vertical spots on the sides are very small. The belly is black, the hairs themselves 
0,8 to 1,2 mm long, like bristles, white, sometimes with black tips. The larva feeds on Daucus carota L., the common 
carrot, in Germany. It is probable that zuleima feeds in its african localities on Daucus plants. The cocoon is 
boat-shaped with faint ridges, glossy white, preferably secured on a flat surface. Period of pupation 26—28 days. 
Z. loyselis Oberth. from Algeria and Morocco (Vol. 2, p. 20) is to be considered a separate species. 
Specimens with confluent spots on forewings are ab. confluens Bziurz. (Vol. 2, p. 20). The type race occurs 
at Lambessa in East Algeria. — As a race is to be mentioned: var. occidentis Bgff. (= occidentals Oberth., 
n. praeocc.) fiom Geryville in V est Algeria, it has more lively colours, red is brighter and inclines to vermilion. 
The red spots are expanded and well separated. — From West Morocco and the mountains of the Middle Altas 
we have subsp. umgeniachi Le Cerf (1 k) (Oulmes, Morocco). It is a robust form with distinct red collar and red 
shoulders but without a red abdominal belt. The specimen illustrated comes from Rabat (Morocco), from 
