ZYGAENA. By H. Reiss. 
11 
rupta. 
analiinier- 
rupia. 
romei- 
formis. 
Jcoricnensis. 
To be enumerated with the southern main races and races are : var. eupyrenaea Bgff. from the hast eugyrenaea 
Pyrenees (Vernet Mount Canigou, Col de Jou) which is closely connected with the type race, large, with wic . 
wings densely scaled with brilliant red. - Vokbkodt separates from subalptrm CM. » W ‘ de ! y t Wwin, 
main (ace less often with spots 2-4 separated and with ephe , neT ina 
snots The name meridionaMs has been previously utilised and substituted by subsp. epnemer na y 
Burgeff The region of distribution is the southern valleys of the Swiss Alps and the Tyrol excluding 
!pper Etsch and Lack Valleys. Of this main race Vokbkodt has established an ab med.omterrupta with he Cornier- 
upper streak-like spot intersected with black and ab. analiinterrupta with the lower streak-like spot interacted 
with black. - ab. romeiformis Bgff. are specimens with widened wings and rounded apex and thicksek s 
obtuse antennae clubs thus resembling subsp. romeo described later on. — The var. subalpma -alb. wit • 
conjuncta Calb (Vol 2, p. 19) is limited to Piedmont and the Valais. — var. koricnensis Reiss (1 l) is denominated 
from Bosnia (Maklenpass-Koricna). It comes approximately between onon and subalpma as far as wmg contour 
:; concerned ^ Red is dusky. Upper streak-like mark generally not intersected but constricted, the lower streak 
mark often constricted. Eindwings with fairly heavy black margins, only very narrow at inner margin. I.horax 
and abdomen fairly thickly haired. The type is illustrated. 
To the groups around subsp. romeo Dup. (Vol. 2, p. 19) (1 i) the type race of Sicily with ab analicon- 
iuncfa Bqff with spots 2 and 4 confluent we have var. orionides Bgff. ( = onon Ga/A) fiom Trent am t 
Adamello region, smaller than the typical orion H.-ScMff. and more sparsely scaled than this -var .orion 
H-Schdff (Vol 2 p 19) from Tuscany (as type) and Marche (Sibilhm) with ab. transapenmna Cab. ( 
f 19 in which also the lower streak-like mark is intersected. - A small summer form from the etruscan 
Apennines (Cutigliano) in August, which is closest to var. orion has been named by Burgeff as foima aestiva. 
- v r megoLn L//. (= triptoiemus Freyer): In the Litoral of the ligurian Apennines (as type) and Lie 
Maritime Alps one meets with very large, densely scaled specimens with very wide wings, thus of pronounce!. y 
orion- type. The $$, strange to say, habitually approach the type race of scabiosae being^ ^ 
five-motted partly with conjoined spots 2 and 4. — var. romana Bgff. ( = onon Vrty.) from Albam-Mountains 
(as type) and the roman Campagna. It is still somewhat daintier than the small onow from Tuscany, as compared 
with* fcabiosae, and with wide black borders to the hindwings especially in some 
more acutely pointed wings approaching the scabiosae type and which Burgeff has named ab. scabiosaeformis 
It differs from neapolitana by the denser scaling which however does not quite ^V^oh ^ ^ 
^ ’ •' tt 1 ^ - 19) from Campagna, Province Aveihno (as type), Aurunci 
analicon- 
juncia. 
orionides. 
aestiva. 
meg orion. 
romana. 
scabiosae¬ 
formis 
that of orion. — var. neapolitana Calb. (1 l) (Vol. ----- „ . , v , 9 iq m a te56hl 
Mountains. Aberrations mentioned are: ab. analiconjuncta Bgff., ab. hoffmanmZickert {V oL ^ 9 , plate 56 h^ 
ab nigerrima’Zickert and ab. flaveola Zickert, both in Vol. 2, p. 19. - var nnmma TrU is a srna:^ 
expanse) from Aumnci Mountains and more thinly scaled. - var. adumbrata Bgff. 1 i from Mount birente 
(1500—2000 m) is very remarkable. The chief characteristic is the considerable adumbration of the hindwing 
L‘ a number of ’specimens, also the forewings show only remants of red scaling, the former m often qmte, black 
Snot 3 of the forewings is mostly absent. Wing contour is much narrower inspite of truncate apex and 
resembling scabiosae. The $ illustrated is from Burgeff’s collection Completely black | eci ^ n yLnsenza) 
are ab. absoluta Dann. - var. calberlai Bgff. (= onon var. Calb.) from Calabna (..da b J 
clearly resembles romeo from Sicily, with its striking brilliant red. Specimens of this race with simple 
are ab. cingulata Bgff. 
Subsp. nevademis Bmb. (Vol. 2, p. 19) (1 k) from Sierra Nevada A typical specimen isnowiUimtrated. 
I have recently received nevadensis from Sierra Alta (Aragon) and from the Pena de Franca (S.^S^n^ca) 
as well as from Guarda (Portugal). In the latter spots 2 and 4 are more or less confluent, m a $ also spots 
are faintly conjoined. 
The larvae of scabiosae feed in mid-Europe on Lathyrus pratensis. 
analicon- 
j uncta 
minima. 
adumbrata. 
absoluta. 
calberlai. 
cingulata. 
III. Subgen. Lycastes Hbn. 
Z. exulans Hochenw. <fc Reiner (Vol. 2, p. 24 and p. 443, platp 0 c) from the high Alps, high Pyrenees, 
Scotland Norway, Lapland, Abruzzi Mountains, transylvanian Mountains, Balkans and Central Asia ls aie c 
of the Ice periods, that after same withdrew to altitudes of over 2000 m. I he distribution carries this ouk 
local semmtion on the retrocession of the ice expresses itself m a series of separate races restncted to 
various ^mountains The races of the Alps are less pronounced. The reason for this is m the relative ease wi i 
which this high mountain butterfly with its strong flight can be distributed by storms. B vulan, Bpecim^s 
have been found in the snow at an altitude of 2900 m whither they could only have been driven by the wind. 
A second reason for the less pronounced formation of separate races lies m the polyphagy of exulans larvae 
wMch alone among the known Zygaena probably feed in case of need on a whole 
than Lotus, Oxytropis and other Leguminosae foliage, so that it is not so closely bound to one definite loc . 
exulans. 
