CLANIS. By B. Gehlen. 
141 
to white-green, yellow-green, yellow or rusty-red (mottled). No central longitudinal stripe, white subdorsal 
lines in anterior part, similarly a white line along the legs. 7 oblique stripes of curious blue-white colour, 
which are characteristic of the Genus. Stigma slightly reniform, graphite grey with white edge. Horn green 
or at base black-brown, roughly granulose. The larva is monophagous. Food plant: Pterocarya stenoptera C. 
D. C. — Pupa: sleek, dull, cremaster coarse and projecting ventrally, tip with 2 short sharp bristles con¬ 
joined at base. — Distribution to South China. 
0. ochracea Btlr. (Vol. 2, p. 239, pi. 37 a and Vol. 10, p. 534). Early stages: Ova pale green. — Larva ochracea. 
brightly coloured. Back and sides yellow-green, underside and below head grey-green. Subdorsal lines distinctly 
white over the back of the head and 1st segment, thence less brightly yellow as far as and including the 
3rd segment, further backwards they diffuse. Narrow but clear ventricular line from 1st to end of 3rd seg¬ 
ments. 7 yellowish oblique streaks. In the angles between these and the subdorsal line from segments 4 6 
violet-white cuneiform marks, which are often edged by rusty red. In the oblique and longitudinal streaks 
there are coarse conical humps; on underside of body are small raised white spots. Stigmata of the colour 
of the skin with brilliant flame-shaped brown-green central stripe. Horn long, slightly curved upwards, grey- 
green, point short and dull grey. The rusty red edges of the violet-white cuneiform marks vary considerably 
in size, so that the entire caterpillar can be rusty red or brown with the exception of the cuneiform marks 
and the green triangle in centre of head; the larva is known to occur also with yellow ground colour. In 
China the larva is monophagous, the food plant being Poupartia Fordii Hemsl. As this plant does not occur 
in Japan, ochracea must feed there on some other Anacardiacae. — Pupa coarse-grained; cremaster longer 
than wide, it has a short rectangular glossy bar which is as thick as it is long and from its two extremities 
on each side a terminating bristle stands out sideways. — The species which was hitherto known from N. India 
and Japan, also occurs, as was to be expected, in China. 
9. Genus: Clan is Hbn. 
In Vol. 2 it was stated that the tongue at most extends to the base of the abdomen. Mell has 
ascertained that it is somewhat longer than half the length of the body. Although the proboscis appears to 
be capable of functioning, the Clanis species have never been observed visiting flowers. They are also not 
attracted to light. — Mell’s observations as to the early stages and biology are very interesting. These refer 
also in part to the Genera Leucophlebia and Polyptychus. — Ova greenish yellow, large, longer than wide; 
deposited singly, but generally several on one plant and by preference in shady spots. Food plants Papilio- 
naceae, plants that are not selected by other Sphingidae (excepting Sataspes) as regular food plants. Larva 
plump (12,5—16 mm in bilineata), green, yellow is more frequent in undulosa than in bilineata. The forma¬ 
tion of the horn shows an inclination to reduction, in bilineata it is 6—8 mm long, in undulosa it is only 
a short stump of 1 mm. Head with a sharp point until the last moult, after the last moult it is almost semi¬ 
circular and very thick; front of the head of different colour, gloss and surface to the back of same; these 
characteristics make the Clanis larvae immediately recognisable. Only in these a variation in the number 
of moults has been ascertained (4 in autumn broods = dry season period and 5—6 in wet season period). 
When disturbed the full grown larvae bite with their strong hooked mandibles and in breeding it is advisable 
to separate large and small larvae. The Clanis larva is a small eater (about one leaf a day, about the size 
and thickness of a large clover leaf). The period until it is fullfed and ready for pupation is correspondingly 
long (taking about 50 days). It is remarkable that hibernating larvae go into the earth for pupation in 
the autumn, where however they do not change immediately into a pupa, but they remain in the earth 
throughout the winter in the larval state and only change into a pupa in the Spring! 1 he prae-pupal state 
therefore lasts up to 9 months, whilst the actual period in the pupa is only 6—16 days. Similar conditions 
prevail in the metamorphosis of Leucophlebia and Polyptychus and probably also in the African Pseudoclanis, 
Leptoclanis and Platysphinx. Mell reports that Clanis larvae that had been 220 days in the earth were 
able to crawl away on being disturbed! Pupa is sleek, a deep red-brown and resembling a small Acherontia 
pupa; cremaster stout with simple single point. — When at rest the moths fold their wings like a roof, the 
legs are widely apart, the 3rd pair standing off and in the air, body stretched straight. The moths are co¬ 
matose and can easily be removed by hand. 
C. bilineata WJcr. (Vol. 2, p. 239, pi. 37 c and Vol. 10, p. 537). The type emanates from Darjeeling, bilineata. 
Japanese and Chinese specimens vary somewhat. Those from N. China form the subsp. tsingtauica Mell. 1 hey tsingiauica 
are smaller than Indian specimens; body and forewings are more yellow and olive; outer margin of fore- 
wings more convex, less retracted before the inner margin; 3 postmedian lines — especially in the dis¬ 
tinct, also the 2 antemedian lines are clearly recognisable, the 1st postmedian line is heaviest and is gener- 
rally equally clear below the longitudinal streak, as costally of same; costal spot of forewings reddish leathery 
colour (pinkish buff) especially in A- Southern Chinese specimens are half way between the Indian and the 
N. China forms. In the south of China a form acuta Mell (Vol. 10, p. 536) occurs. 
C. undulosa Mr. (Vol. 2. p. 239, pi. 37 b). — subsp. jankowskii Gehlen (12 c) from Saishin, N. Corea jankowskii 
is more darkly marked over the entire upperside than the type form, the lunae, especially on forewings are 
