218 
COCHLIOTHECA. By Dr. E. Wehbli. 
further $ of pusilla Spr. captured 13th May 1913 in Algeria. To be specially noted is the different period 
of flight: pusilla Spr. March/May; nylanderi Wrli. (= pusilla auct.) of the Pyrenees, July/August. 
nylanderi. C. nylanderi Wrli. (= pusilla auct. nec Spr. Vol. 2, p. 363) (14 i [type]). This appears to be endemic to 
the central Pyrenees, as hitherto, it only appears to have been captured there. It occurs up to 2000 m altitude 
and was first described by Nylander as C. helix Sieh. <J. To supplement the description and facilitate compari¬ 
sons, it is to be added in regard to the <$<$: wing expanse 10— 12 mm. Smaller than the somewhat paler 
grey-black helicinella H.-Schdff. (Vol. 2, p. 363, pi. 55 f) and the darker A. pusilla Spr. (Vol. 2, p. 363, pi. 14i). 
Head, thorax and abdomen black with long and dense hairs, these are much longer and denser than in allied 
species. The body appears to be more robust than in pusilla and helicinella. Wings grey-black, the wing 
contour appearing different from related species by its faintly bulging outer margin. Wings shorter and 
wider than pusilla. Antennae bipectinated, pectinations becoming shorter towards the tip, lamelliform, being 
much wider at extremity through denser cilia than in pusilla, base (shaft) however narrower. 
erenulclla. C. crenulella Bid. (Vol. 2, p. 363, pi. 55 g). Formerly this species was only known from Aix en Pro¬ 
vence, S. France, Bolzano, the Tyrol and N. Italy, but meanwhile the have been found in many other 
localities. I have specimens and $ casings from the Tyrol from Etschtal, Terlan, Torbole on the Gardasee, 
Bolzano (in large numbers); the species is apparently not rare in the warm southerly valleys; further from 
southern Switzerland, the Tessin, frequent, from Locarno, Rovio, Maroggia, Camedo in the Valle Maggia; 
Vorbrodt also mentions Rovelle, Sorenge, from the Valais Martigny, Branson. I have from Italy, from 
the southern slopes of the Simplon, St. Maria Maggiore near Domodossola, Lombardy, Montagna Grande, 
central Apennines at 1000 m altitude. From the Spanish peninsular all authors only mention C. gracilis Spr., 
but at Sierra Nevada on 4th July 1926, I caught 2 certain specimens in the Genii valley at abt. 1500 m 
altitude, at light at night. This is about the extreme western limit of crenulella. According to Dannehl the 
young larva prefers Alyssum and Silene, but afterwards takes to Thymus, Stachys, Sedum, Vicia, Melilotus, 
Medicago, Dorycnium, Lotus, Anthyllis, Helianthemum, Lavendula, Geranium, Linaria, Antirrhinum, Vero¬ 
nica etc., going over to the leaves of trees and shrubs before pupation. At the slightest touch it drops to 
-paludella. the earth, but when small it lets itself down on a thread. — paludella Dhl. from swampy regions around 
Andrian, Terlan, Sigmundskron, the South Tyrol, is said to be very frail in $ sex, scarcely being as large as 
crenulella Bid. (Vol. 2, p. 363, pi. 55 g). It has more elongate forewings with acuter apex, which are as wide 
as hindwings. Colouration an impure brown, fringes checked. The $ is like that of crenulella. Flight is limited 
to 18—29 May, whilst. crenulella occurs from 6th June to end July. Both emerge towards evening. — The 
larva, which is perhaps slightly paler, can scarcely be distinguished from that of crenulella, is found on Caltha 
palustris and Lythrum salicaria, when nearly full-fed proceeding to the tops of alder trees, where the $ 
spin up on upperside, the $ on underside of the leaves. The casings are provided with a fine whitish coating. 
The rather clayed casings are flatly convex, the spirals being shortened. This would appear to be a fen form 
of crenulella, which according to the observations of v. Hartig, occurs everywhere, where crenulella is found 
in marshy or fen localities. I was unable to procure a specimen. — I should like to remark here that the 
typical helicinella, described and illustrated by Brttand and emanating from Aix, is distinguishable by the 
very elongate wings and this is much more apparent than is indicated in paludella. In regard to the variability 
. helix, of the casings, the same remarks apply as given under helix. — helix Sieh. (Vol. 2, p. 364). This is held to 
be, by nearly all authors with very few exceptions and based on recent experiences, exclusively the partheno- 
genetical, self-propagating thelytoke ($$ only producing $$) form of the bisexual crenulella Brd. As Hoff¬ 
mann long ago and Seiler more recently have proved by innumerable experiments with Solenobiae, the purely 
parthenogenetical $ repels copulation with of its own species and commences immediately to oviposit, 
whilst the $ of the bisexual form awaits the copula and perishes without same and as a rule does not lay 
eggs that, will normally develop without copulation, helix appears to conduct itself just like the Solenobiae ; 
according to observations of Dannehl, in the S. Tyrol the crenulella $<3 were only attracted to the $$ of the 
bisexual crenulella form, neglecting the of the parthenogenetical helix form. Having observed this, he 
formed the impression that this denoted a difference in species, which would appear to be incorrect. He 
separated the 2 $ tribes according to their locality, but the casings showed no distinguishable differences. 
As is the case with Solenohia triquetrella and spineti Z., also the purely parthenogenetical forms of crenulella, 
seem to occur in fairly rigidly isolated colonies separated from the bisexual forms, where same appear 
concomitantly and the one only occurs there sporadically. Dannehl also believes he has observed a fairly 
sharp distinction of the two forms helix and crenulella in a vertical direction. The former seems to live fairly 
close to the earth and the casings are not found for pupation, higher than a man's height on walls, rocks, stones, 
poles etc., whilst crenulella (especially the <J(J) climb to the summits of bushes and trees (elms, pine trees, 
ash trees), where whole colonies seem to assemble. Perhaps this peculiarity of the bisexual form is, among 
others, a reason, why the $<$ have not been found in our districts, where possibly such colonies are of rarer 
occurrence (an analogous case to that of the Solenobiae). As a matter of fact v. Linstow remarks on finding 
