NOTES ON THE POPULATION OF JAVA. 
47 
1 to 47 of the population. The proportion of the excess of 
births above deaths, to the whole of the living would, there¬ 
fore, give a doubling period of 34.30 years. To this group, 
as well, indeed, as to all the others which follow, the same 
observation applies that I made in regard to the town. They 
are all surrounded by irrigated rice culture, and all embo¬ 
somed in, and interspersed by fruit or ornamental trees, 
appearing, in fact, until entered, more like groves than as¬ 
semblages of dwellings. 
(2.) In 9 villages situated on the elevated land at the foot 
of the mountain Marapi and containing a population of 2,056 
inhabitants, the births were 1 to 19 and the deaths 1 to 62 to 
the population. The excess of the births above the deaths 
gave here, therefore, a doubling period of 19 years. 
(3.) Eighteen villages with a population of 2,170 situated 
on the southern acclivity of Marapi and higher up than the 
last group gave the births as 1 to 18, and the deaths 1 to 94, 
to the inhabitants, makirg the doubling period here 15.59 
years. These villages are situated at from 2,000 to 3,000 
feet above the level of the sea, and the average heat may be 
taken at from 75° to 78°. None of them, at the time of the 
enquiry, had been settled above 20 years, and some of them 
as late as three. The fertile land was abundant and the com¬ 
mand of water for irrigation complete. From the recentness 
of their establishment also, they were less encumberd with 
trees, and consequently better ventilated. 
(4) Seventeen villages distant 6 miles from Yugyakarta 
in a flat, fertile and highly cultivated part of the plain, with a 
population of 2,935, gave the births as 1 to 30, and the deaths 
as 1 to 101 of the population. The excess of the births over 
the deaths gave here a doubling period of 30.84 years. 
(5.) Seven villages situated on the southern coast of the 
island, and about 17 miles from Yugyakarta, with a popula¬ 
tion of 2,187 gave the births as 1 to 30 and the deaths 
as 1 in 99, and the excess of births over deaths made the 
doubling period 30 years. Besides cultivating rice by irri¬ 
gation, the inhabitants of these villages were occasionally 
employed in fishing, but precariously, owing to the great depth 
of the sea, and the heavy surge rolling on the open shore, 
one may say, without any interruption from the pole. They 
were employed more largely in the manufacture of salt by a 
peculiar process, which consists in throwing water from the 
sea on the sands of the beach which as soon as they are dry, 
(and this, from the heat of the sun, takes place in a few 
minutes,) are raked up and thrown into seawater, so that con- 
