222 THE LANGUAGES OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 
Mai. ia with the kesrdh, or, when following a consonant, with fatha, pro¬ 
duces the e. Jav. v. m. taling same nearly as the Bat, Bat, v. m. taling#. 
e 
Mai. No letter or v. m.j exceedingly rare. Bug, y. ra. imunri. 
S, a, 3* 
The vocal chamber the same length as before, deeper beneath 
the hard palate, and less so beneath the soft palate occasioned 
by the retraction of the tongue. This is one of the most protean 
of all the vowels. There is a frequent oscillation from St to a, 
and an assumption by the former of the character of i, 8 and o. 
The a is the most important vowel in the vocalic langua¬ 
ges. It is, in fact, in some so powerful and pervading that the 
other sounds may almost be considered as accessory. This 
predominance is acquired from the ease with which it is enun¬ 
ciated, the most natural and in voluntary breathing producing 
an a; 
a 
P^Mal. Generally implied or inherent in the consonants; maybe ezpreied by the 
orthographic mark fat ha or baris di alas. It occur* more frequently tbsn 
any other short vowel sound ; sometimes it takes a little of the a sound, the two 
naturally tending to slide imperceptibly into each other, being the opposita 
extremes of the spiritui lenis. In general however the short sound, as in our 
word sun, preponderates. The word mamandang contains both sounds, the man 
huving precisely the same vowel sound as but; the first a takes a little of the 
a. It is also sometimes accompanied by a slight natal, in which case it differ! 
distinctly from the u in but; the natal however is too faint to admit uf the natal 
point. The a ia in some words interchangeable with o, asbeikampul, berkom- 
pul. Jav. v. m. p apat. Bug. the atana some times gives this sound, but Us 
more common v. m. is yawana. 
a, 5. 
Mah * is generally denoted by atiph but often implied. 
The 3, requires aliph and may be definitely expressed by the meddah over the 
aliph, or by giving the preceding consonant the fatha. Jav. letter. Bug.— 
■inherent in the consonants, also a separate letter. Bat.— lb. 
5, o, o. 
The vocal canal is now lengthened by the addition of the 
lips i it retains the same width, but is rendered more caver¬ 
nous and resonant by the contraction of the oral opening. 
6 . 
Jav. This, or rather a transfusion of o and a, is the Javanese inherent vowel. 
Oj o« 
Jnv. The v. m. taling tarung gives the long o, but it is 
not the simple o~ The lips are more projecting and the mouth 
inflated by the breath than in pronouncing tile inherent 5, 
Bug* v. m. yolona . Bat* siala ulu . 
