228 THE LANGUAGES OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO 
sometimes commutable in tlie same word in Mai.; bird, 
burong Mai. burokn Pont;; foot, kaki Mai gaki Ach. hahe 
Menadu ; thunder, guntur Mai. huntor , Lingiu. 
Linguo-Palatals: —j and ch andj and y are convertible in 
several MaL words; clove, chinke Mai. jenki Kis. ; one, 
hecha Bima heje Sund.; water, ayer Mai. aje Chig. ; vein, 
urcit Mai. uyat Batan ; salt, garam MaL gayam Chig.; 
seven, iujoh Mai. torn Tat. 
Dentals . —One, satu Mai. sadi Bug. sada Bat.; dead, 
mati Mai. made Bima; receive, tarima MaL narima Pont, 
(final n becomes tn in this dialect turun MaL turutn Pont, 
cocoanut, butan Saraw. butatn Pont.;) padi MaL pani Banj.; 
pine-apple, nanas MaL danas Sun.; nose, idong MaL Hong 
Tag. hiiung Sul. ulukn Pont.,* heel, iumit MaL tumin Kay an’; 
itchy, gatal MaL gatan Kay.; in the transitive form of 
Malay verbs the initial t is displaced by n. 
Labials .—Stone, batu MaL watu Let. [New Z.] fatuk 
Belo [Samoan &c.] ; lip, bibir MaL wiwek Bug. vivi llab.; 
mouth, baba Ach. Malo, Sunt Sau, bafa llot. fa/am Wok. 
waivam Solor \baha Kup- bah Mil.]; moon, buLn Mai. 
loulan Solor, fulan Wok. Kag pula Belo; come, mni MaL 
badik Sam ; east, timor MaL tibur Let.; read, bocha MaL 
macha Pont.; sumhu MaL supnu Let.; warm, punas MaL 
maluh Kis. 
B. Consonants belonging to the same aspirate class. 
It is remarkable that the interchanges between the differ¬ 
ent organic classes take place most commonly through the 
surds. This may be considered a proof of their predomin¬ 
ance in the Malayan languages. In the Polynesian this is 
so great that the missionaries have in general rejected the 
sonants altogether. (Hale p. 233.) 
1. Non-aspirates . (a) surds .—Mat, tikar MaL tipa Sas,; 
eye, mata MaL makan Kis.; cocoanut, kalapa MaL kaluku 
Bug.; a fly, lalat MaL lalok Bug.; worm, ulat, MaL ulak Bug.; 
medicine, ubat MaL ubak Bug ; west, barat MaL warak 
Kis.; lake, tase MaL kahe, Kis.; in some Malay words t 
and p are commutable; white, pule MaL lute Sang.; light¬ 
ning, kilat MaL kilap . Ling, (b) sonants —hog, babi MaL 
bagi Bat. 
2. Aspirates, (a) surds : chili, chabei , MaL sabi Sas; cat 
kuching MaL sing Kay. si Sang; in Butim ch becomes s. (b) 
Surds into sonants— rain, ujan MaL usa Rot; spirit, s mangat 
MaL hemanga Savo; honour, hormat MaL sormat Let; milk, 
susu MaL huhu Kis; one, satu MaL by inversion tan Sa¬ 
moan, tahi New Z &c. 
