THE LANGUAGES OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 23t 
['>pa Ambun, paa Bunerate, Solor, vi Buru pa Lamp Achiti 
oufa P. Nias fa Tongan &c-]; man, laki Mai. hhhi Bat; 
saratus Mai. [IQOJ becomes sahalu in Buneratte, saatu in 
Bum and Juatu in Matasanka; house b >lei Kag haha 
Tag,; garden* tamman Bis. hahmanan Tag ; seven, fitu Sa¬ 
moan hitu Tahiti. Haw ; ten, sahulu primitive Mai. form [i. e 
one head, corresponding to two hands, lima, or fives] s«ng- 
hulu Rot rig«hurii New Z he .; tooth, gigi Mai, ngmgi , 
inye Bat, gnii Rabu mni Wokkam [Aru] nioni Siparua, nihi 
Ende, gninse Butun, isi Bugis, Mandh Sambawa, Malo; sleep 
tidor Mai. tindok Sang. There can be no doubt that the 
change of many letters into h has arisen from their having at 
first merely taken an aspirate tone, thus, k >/ci, foot, was pro¬ 
bably kh-ikhi before it became softened by the abandonment 
of the k into hihe at Menado, ahini at Saparua, ehin at Kissa, 
toahs at Ende, ebahi and ei at Wakkam, ai at Knde, Belo and 
Butun, ien at Kupang &c., in which last forms the vocalic ten¬ 
dency succeeds in ejecting the aspirate. 
To enable the reader to compare these interchanges with 
those of the Indo-European languages, and for convenience 
of leference hereafter, we have collected the latter, and re¬ 
ferred them to the same classes with those of the Malayan. 
A Indo ■ — European interchanges of letters belonging to the same organic class. 
Gutturals k, g, h, Palatals cli, j; j, y ; j, r. Dtntals t, d, s, t, d, I; 
I, n ; n, s. Labials p, b, f, v ; in, p, b, y ; v, w, m. 
B^Qf letters belonging to the same aspirate class. I, non*aspiiates. surds k, t, 
p. sonants g, d, b. The surds are not traasrautable into theRonants unless 
they belong to the same organic class. 2. Aspirates, surds ch, f, sonants 
li. w f j. z ; surds into sonants, b, cb, f; s, U, w. 3. Weak aspirates (inclu. 
ding nasals) r, 1, n, w ; n, m. 
C! Of surds differing both in their organic and aspirate class, k, ch ;~k, s. 
D Of sonants differing both in their organic and aspirate class, g, j, z, y ; g, 
v, w. 
E Of surds into sonants differing both in their organic and aspirate classes, 
k, v, w ; g, s. The paucity of these exceptions is the strongest confirma* 
lion of the connection of the philological with the phytio ogical classes. We 
do not find that k passes into j, *, r, y, I, n, or m; t into h j, v, w, r, y, 
w, or m; p into d, h, j, v, y, l or n ; g or d into ch or f; b into ch or s ; 
that is of 31, possible interchanges between letters differing in all the three 
properties on which our classification is based, only 3 take place in the 
Indo-European languages. 
We now add some remarks on the different Malayan con¬ 
sonants 
k 
The guttural—aspirate fcha (the kh of Sir W, Jones) is only used by the 
Malays in writing. It may be represented by giving the h the guttural mark, 
as the guttural sound of the h is its distinctive characteristic. The aspirated 
kh requires no separate character, because all aspirates are to be pronounced 
separately. 
