232 THE LANGUAGES OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 
The first Jiaf is only a strongliollow k and may be represented by giving 
k a palatal mark, It is more cerebral than guttural. At the end of words 
it is generally modified into a sharp hard abrupt sound of the preceding 
vowel, produced by a rapid protrusion, and sudden checking, of the breath, 
'which gives a slightly consonantal character to the vowel. The tongue is 
about to be applied lo the soft palate to form the k, (bus breaking off the 
vowel lone, when it is suddenly arrested. As this is rather a modification 
of the vowel than of the consonant, the best sign will be an apostrophe after 
the vowel i. e. our abrupt or reentering vowel mark. The second or proper 
Mai, k, kaf u J is the common Eng, k. 
The Javanese k is hard, and stronger than the Malay i. It somewhat 
advances to the cerebral. The Bugis k is the Malay k , and the sound seems 
to undergo no modification in that language. Bata, Butan, Ende same as 
Mai. 
§ 
Rial. soft. The Arabic ghain is a harsh, strongly guttural r. 
The Javanese y is pronounced with an effort, and a slight, hardly percep 
lible aspiiate, as if an impediment were overcome in enunciating it, a mo¬ 
mentary stammer in fact. Mat. Bug. But* Ende as Mai. 
rig- 
As this is a compound sound, it is best represented by retaining the letters 
by the coalition and softening, of which it is formed but to prevent the ir 
being separated where they are fo lowed by a syllable beginning with a vowel, 
as jangan, they ought to be connected by a circumflex as in Mavsden’s 
works, or a compound letter as ng may be used. 
Jw. more nasal and strong than the Malay. U«f. Bug, But. identical 
with the Malay. 
h 
The Arabian ha, which is not pronounced by the Malays, is simply a gut¬ 
tural h, and may be expressed when necessary by the guttural sign. 
Malt The soft h is the most common in Mai. Jao, much stronger than 
the Malay—approaching to the Arabic ^ Bat. Bug. But. same as Mai. 
cil 
Here we follow Sir W. Jones, and without the reluctance which he felt in 
adopting this symbol, because the c, which in his system had the sound of 
k, only occurs iu ours in expressing this sound, and therefore it cannot be 
mistaken for an aspirated k. The Malayan sound exactly corresponds with 
the English cli in church Ac. but the Javanese give it a dental pronunciation 
which the Dutch deuote by ij., and which we may express by tell, like the 
French. Bug, same as Malay. Bat, wanting. But, s substituted. 
• 
J 
Mai, same as English, Jav. (dento-patatal) strong, forcible, a3 if preceded 
by a d. But. Bug. Bat. Ende as Mai. 
r 
Mai. soft, with little effort, like the Eng, r. Jav. broad, strong, with con¬ 
siderable effort. 
Bug. between the Mai. and Jav., but a longer vibration than either. It 
occurs frequently and is one of the distinguishing phonetic characteristics of 
this language. Bat. nearer the Mai. but harder and with more vibration. 
But. more vibratory than the Mai. bat soft, 
y 
Nearly the same in Mai, Bat. Jav. Buy. But, and Ende. The same cha¬ 
racter expresses the compound vowel ia, which occurs frequently^ 
