25 7 
A TRANSLATION OP THE KEBDAH ANNALS 
both of Buddha and of Siva, it must still appear that cremation was 
not practised. The word simpan or to lay, is the word used by 
Malays when describing the burial of men of hiih rank. Within 
what were once the precincts of the Hindu temples, I have indeed 
found indubitable marks of the practice of burning the dead, but I 
apprehend that these were the ashes of priests and persons who had 
come from India to settle, or zealous native followers of the priests. 
I was fortunate enough to find during one of my excursions near 
Guoong Jerrai, several ruins of ancient tombs where bodies were 
interred, and from the size and materials of these tombs, of which 
the ruins were sufficient to enable me to form a judgment, I con¬ 
clude they may be the mausoleums of some of the Rajas named by 
our annalist, especially as the sites correspond very closely with 
those he describes, and were erected in the vicinity of temples now- 
in ruin. These tombs had been built so close to Sivaic temples that 
they must have been erected before the introduction of Islamism. 
Tfie Malays who were along with me expressed their opinion, 
founded on certain anatomical appearances which I cannot at pre¬ 
sent describe, that the occupants of these tombs were not of the 
Malayan race, but were most likely klings. 
The Rajas of Kedda seem to have been given to locomotion. 
Almost every reign was fotlowed by a change in the seat of govern¬ 
ment. This will help to account for the want of solidity in their 
forts. These, if we may judge from the existing ruins, were 
generally of mud —and where bricks and stones were used, these 
were built up without any other cement than a tenacious clay, 
The means of the first Rajas, the earlier ones at least, were doubt¬ 
less rather scanty ; and all their superfluous money appears to 
have been lavished on religious edifices—which last, in so far as 
I have been able to trace them, were of a simple form, and of 
moderate size, with hardly any sculpture to render them imposing. 
We have preparations for burning shells for lime frequently 
noticed—but I have not found any lime in any of the ruins which 
I have excavated, comprising all that were of any note. Coral 
shells are the chief materials from which lime is now made in 
Kedda and Pinang for architectural purposes, although limestone 
abounds at no great distance—mounds of shells were found by me 
near these sites—but probably it was found too expensive to use 
brick and mortar. The Rajas, it should seem, effected their pur¬ 
poses in those times, as they now do, by forced labor. No subject 
dared then nor can he now venture to raise a stone edifice in 
Kedda. Thus the ruins of the largest town would consist entirely 
of those of religious buildings—and perhaps a very few public ones. 
The first move is noticed as having been made down the river 
(near the Muda) from Lankasuka—leaving us to infer that the 
latter and original site could not ha/e been far from that river. 
41 Lankasuka was at some distance from the sea" meaning by the 
course of the river—because in a direct line it must haye been 
