THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 
583 
he was treated with every mark of kindness and attention. Mr Stok- 
broo died in 1844 but Lian Seeng was still alive m October 18-5. 
During his three years administration from 1808 to 1811 Governor 
General Daendels incessantly laboured to oppose the pirates and 
protect the maritime trade, and as much as circumstances permitted 
followed the measures of the Company for that purpose, in loll ae 
fitted out a flotilla of 40 armed prahus with the special object ot pro¬ 
tecting the coasts of Java. At the commencement ot that year an 
English brig the Fly was visited off Sumanap by some natives under 
pretence of trading, and who after massacring the commander andt le 
steersman, made themselves master of the vessel. The Governor Ge¬ 
neral Janssens by decree of 6th June 1811 gave a portion of the 
prize, and the booty to the captors of pirates, and laid down certain 
rules for the trial of pirates and their accomplices. During the 
English administration in Java the coasts of that island were greatly 
infested by pirates. In March 1812 they were vigorously attacked 
hy the English schooner of war Wellington , Captain Crorney, aided 
by two gun boats and six armed native boats. In the month ox 
May following the pirates h/id an engagement with the armed 
boats of the English man of war Modeste. Numbers of pirates 
frequented the waters of the island of Kangean, and made descents 
upon the land. The Coromandel , having grounded on the coast 
of Borneo, was taken and burned by the pirates. The Matilda 
sighted 17 large piratical vessels, and the Helen encountered a 
vessel in the Straits of Banca manned by about 80 pirates who 
attempted to board her, but were driven back by a well sustained 
fire. The Nautilus in May 1813 reported that a young English¬ 
man Thomas Brooks was at Ivoti (Borneo) having two years 
previously been taken by pirates who had plundered his vessel. 
Three Europeans, two Chinese, and five Bengalis, who foimed 
part of the crew were murdered and the rest sold as slaves. In 
April 1814, Captain Hail, commander of the enuzer Antelope, 
reported that he had seen 80 piratical Tanga boats m the Straits 
of Banca, which he had chased with the assistance of some armed 
bo9-ts* 
In Sir Stamford Raffles’ letter on the state of the Indian 
Archipelago addressed to Lord Minto in 1811, we find numerous 
allusions to piracy and slavery. He notices the general pre¬ 
valence of piracy on the Malay coasts, which lie describes as 
“an evil of ancient date, and which has struck deep m the Malay 
habits. The old Malay romances, and the fragments of their tra¬ 
ditional history, constantly refer to piratical cruises. Hie sources 
of slavery in the Malay countries, according to Raffles are olucfly 
the following:—piracy, captivity in war, man-stealmg and me 
the system of slavery recognized by the Malay codes for various 
offences and for debt. He gives numerous details on the subject. 
He states for example that about 50 year’s previous to that time 
the Sulus were much devoted to commerce aud that the English 
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