GENERAL REPORT ON THE RESIDENCY OF SINGAPORE. 620 
which stretches itself out in the form of a triangle, having its base 
along the sea-shore, between Teluk-Ayer and Siglap, in distance 
about 6£ miles, and its apex between Fairmount and Kaynan’s 
hill, distant from the shore about 3 miles. The general features 
of this plain consist of long ridges of sand from 4 to 9 feet above 
high water mark, generally running parallel with broad bands of clay 
soils, which do not attain 2 to 3 feet above the same level. The 
broadest and most extensive sand ridge stretches from Muitigi Tabal 
to Siglap, having a general breadth of f of a mile ; there lies another 
of smaller size between Kallang village and Gelang, again another 
of very narrow width runs between Buffaloe village and Kallang 
dale, stretching in a north west direction, and another of the same 
dimensions from Kallang dale to Payah Lobar, running in an 
easterly direction. These ridges have evidently formed the ancient 
shores of the island, until the accumulation of detritus and alluvion 
had usurped the space occupied by the sea in front of them—and 
the abundant remains of the exuviae of shell fish and clusters of 
coral remain to attest the fact. Smaller alluvial plains are also found 
between the Small and Large Red Cliffs, and also between the latter 
and Sungie Changi, which conform to the above description ; the 
others consist of low mangrove swamps, bordering the numerous 
creeks that intersect the shores—whose soils on the surface are saline, 
black and slimy, and underneath consist of soft blue mud. The 
species of shells found in these deposits belong of course to the 
present geological epoch, and their congeners are to be found 
on the shores and bays of the island. Reds of coral have been 
found 2 miles inland on Kallangdale Sugar Estate, about 6 to 8 
feet below the surface of ground. From these alluvial plains, 
situated in the vicinity of the shore, numerous branches strike off 
and form the vallies through which the principal streams of the 
island flow; their width varies from \ to a | mile and their general 
direction is in a north w T est and south eastern bearing—excepting 
in the case of the creeks on the north eastern shores of the island 
which run north easterly. These larger alluvial vallies again 
bifurcate into numerous smaller ones, which still retain tlicir 
alluvial characteristics—so slight is their ascent as they approach 
the interior. 
At the Small and Large Red Cliffs soft sandstone is found whose 
layers are nearly horizontal; between Changi and Sungei Silarang 
granite is found; at Sungei Tampenis soft sandstone in horizontal 
layers was observed to be the formation, at S. Loiung coarse 
sandstone overlayed by angular quartz pebbles. At the north end 
of Tikong Kichi shales and ironstone in nearly perpendicular 
strata were observed, at Batu Kapala Tuah granite is found, and 
between that and Tikong Kichi, on the small island of Sijahat a 
black and bluish stratified rock is found, not unlike whinstone in 
texture, but probably sedimentary metamorphosed by plutonic 
action, opposite to this on Tikong Besar schistoze rocks are found 
