OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 
834 
and civilization of the islands of this Archipelago; how the shackles 
which piracy imposed on trade and navigation impeded the 
developement of their industry and stifled in them all desire to 
labour; and the necessity of putting an end to piracy. I also 
represented to him, as my own personal opinion, that the most sure 
means of arriving at the end proposed would be for the English 
and Netherlands Governments, to take measures a little more uni¬ 
form for combating the pirates, and to act in this matter by a junc¬ 
tion of their forces. The resident answered me that the subject had 
already for a long time seriously occupied him, and that he had the 
intention of presenting to the Governor General of British India a 
project upon the means to be used for the expulsion of pirates. 
I hope indeed,* added he, to be soon in a state to realise this plan. 
He entered fully into my views of the manner in which this ought to 
be done to succeed, and, making the observation that steamboats 
ought to be made use of, he augured the best results from their 
employment, but he regarded the complete expulsion of pirates, by 
means of the ordinary cruizers, as very difficult, not to say 
impossible. He thought these vessels ought to cruize constantly 
between Java and Pulo Pinang. They ought to traverse inces¬ 
santly the Straits of Malacca, Rhio, Banka, and along the coasts 
of Java and Borneo and purge them of pirates ; these, disheartened 
by seeing their designs everywhere frustrated, would be forced to 
seek other means of subsistence; and the terrible plague would 
come to an end. The resident of Singapore appeared to have made 
this subject the object of great consideration. He also desired much 
to see the two governments united in their efforts against piracy. 
The new contract made on the 4th August 1824 with the 
princes of Johore (relating to the cession of Singapore) contains 
an article which interdicts their subjects from piracy; it appeal’s to 
me that this is a proof of the sincerity of the declarations which 
Mr Crawfurd lately made to me.” 
Mr Angelbeck in his general report of 14th August 1825 says 
tl I have constantly placed before the eyes of the viceroy of Rhio, 
Rajah Jafar, that, to arrive at a certain degree of prosperity and 
well-being, it is necessary to adopt a system of government more 
energetic and at the same more liberal; and I have given him the 
assurance that government would be ready to assist him in this 
matter. I have always placed in the first rank that the principal 
means to be employed would be to repress and eventually extinguish 
piracy. The two principal piratical chiefs of the Malay empire 
are j the Panghulu Hamba Rajah of Mapar who is obeyed by all 
the so-called Rayats or Orang Laut of the islands situated in the 
waters of Lingaj—and the Rajah Lang, in the island of Bulang, 
under whom are all the Rayats of Gallang, of Bulang and some 
other islands situated at or near to the entrance of the straits of 
Malacca 
« The* Rayats or Orang Laut do not appear to belong to the 
