751 GENERAL REPORT OF THE RESIDENCY OP SINGAPORE. 
* 
gapore saws a tampenis plank, which is equal to oak in hardness, in 
eight hours, the planks being 20 feet long and 1 broad—his work 
is therefore equal to 580,000 units; an Englishman working the 
same time exerts a force applied in the same manner of 2,380 units 
in a minute, or 1,142,400 for 8 hours, being the ratio of an Eng¬ 
lishman to a Chinaman of 114 to 58 nearly, or 100 to 51—in this 
species of labour. 
The above data must not be taken as proving the Chinese to be 
much inferior to Europeans in physical strength, for we must 
consider that the one labours in an oppressively hot climate, while 
the other does so in a temperate one. The Chinese in these ex¬ 
periments also works in to him a foreign land, under which the 
European would soon sink or, at all events, become much impaired 
in strength. The Chinese may therefore be said to have this ad¬ 
vantage over the European that his constitution allows him to 
labour on, without injury to himself. The data are consequently 
only so far useful—in affording the ratio of human power when 
the estimate of an undertaking of an unusual nature, would require 
to be drawn from known facts connected with similar works in 
Europe. 
Implements of Husbandry. —The native Implements of 
Husbandry are scanty. In this respect Singapore is much behind 
the other settlements in the Straits, nor could "it be otherwise with 
the predatory habits of its original possessors. The Bliong and 
Parang already mentioned are the most important to the Malay ; 
with the one he fells the large trees of the forest, and with the 
other he clears the brushwood—by fire he completes the process 
of preparation, amongst the ashes he plants his paddy, yams, and 
few stalks of sugar cane, and does little else than protect the crops, 
till they have ripened, from the birds and wild animals of the 
forest. After the crops are gathered and consumed he removes 
to another patch of jungle, which he fells and burns as before, 
and abandons the old location. The principal implement used by 
Europeans, and other Asiatics besides the Malays, is the chunkol 
or hoe—ploughs are hardly ever put in request—the Javanese one 
is used on one or two estates; attempts have been made several 
times to introduce English and American ploughs on the sugar 
estates, but they cannot be said to have been attended with success, 
as they have not been persevered in. 
Manures. —The principal manure employed by planters is ob¬ 
tained from the stable and cowyard:—this part of Rural Economy 
has not advanced into a science, as in the more advanced districts 
of Great Britain. It is applied fresh from the yard by some, and 
by others in a decomposed state. Guano to a small extent has been 
tried in nutmeg plantations by Dr. Oxley,* but he has rejected its 
use as injurious, from its over stimulating properties which causes 
* Journal Indian Archipelago. 
