90 
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SINGAPORE- 
I have not observed any upheaved tabular sandstone formation 
resembling that so common in India. 
The order of the above vertical strata passing upwards was 
originally, and, reckoning them laterally, now is, as follows. 
1. The massive crystalline red sandstone assumed to be the 
deepest. 
2. Clay. 
3. Then the layers of other sandstones varying in thickness 
from one to four feet, with clay intervening. 
4. Strata of clay. 
Lastly, soil produced by the decomposition of these strata, and 
mixed with vegetable matter where these are not laid bare by 
the sea. 
To whatever group this sandstone formation may be assigned, it 
is still plain that it exhibits none of the strata associated with coal be¬ 
yond itself,—no example of the fossiliferous or carboniferous strata. 
If coal existed here, it should, unless very deeply seated crop out 
along with the other vertical strata. Bnt the usual European geo- 
gical tests of the presence of coal appear to be often absent in these 
Easier# countries. The coal measures of Borneo may be prolonga¬ 
tions of the sandstone formation we are describing. I have not seen 
any professedly scientific description of them. But from replies 
which I was favoured with to written queries given by me to Captain 
Man, M. N. I. and Captain Congalton, Com. of the H. C. Steamer 
Hooghly , and from specimens kindly procured by them, I ga¬ 
ther that it is associated at Pulo Chirmin, which is about 200 
feet high, with a ferruginous sandstone, and that a mass of red 
sand and clay overlies the coal. 
At Pulo Kang Arang, again, from the specimen received from 
Captain Man, the stratum immediately overlying the coal, which is 
common coal, is a soft white sandstone: next, according to Cap¬ 
tain Congalton’s specimen, is a grey shale, but, as far as the 
specimen would determine, not fossiliferous; next a slaty, bitumin¬ 
ous coal with sulphuret, I believe, of iron betwixt the laminae; 
then a glistening light bituminous coal rather iridescent. The 
slaty coal exhibits the iron pyrites either in thin films or in cu¬ 
bical pieces. The strata, as far as I can gather, are horizontal 
or nearly so. Above the sandstone lay earths. The Borneo slaty 
