Possessions in the Indian archipelago. 
205 
YV r pass over In silence the cultures which were known to the Ja¬ 
vanese before the arrival of the Europeans, or which they managed 
without the intervention of them. It remains for me to mention the 
cutting of the reserved forests, and the rural economy. 
In order to put a stop to the devastation formerly committed in 
the extensive forests which still cover a part of the island, the Go¬ 
vernment has adopted measures for the proper and regular management 
of these forests, which at present amount to the number of 789 
and occupy a very considerable surface in 13 of the 22 residencies of 
Java and Madura. These forests are for the most part composed of 
Djatic or teak work (Tectona grandisj a hard wood possessing the 
qualities of the European oak, and which is employed in the con¬ 
structs! of buildings and in ship building. The yearly export is con¬ 
siderable. 
For some time the Government has made trial of two agricultural 
establishments unber the form of penitentiary institutions. These 
model farms are established in the least populous districts of Kra- 
wang and Bezolde; the first of these establishments contained in 1841, 
43 condemned persons, and the second 54. The end which is 
proposed by this trial is to encourage to work vagrants and vaga¬ 
bonds, and to furnish to the country an industrious population after 
the expiry of their period of detention; in this last point of view the 
result has not answered the aim, seeing that the greater number of 
the liberated persons go elsewhere immediately on the expiration of 
their term of punishment. The condemned cultivate in these esta¬ 
blishments rice, coffee, cochineal and indigo. 
The breeding of cattle receives every year a considerable develop¬ 
ment, above all since the slaughter of buffaloes has been prohibited, 
tills animal being of a recognized utility for field labour; the number 
of cattle and horses in 1840 was as follows: 
Buffaloes,.. 1,215,825 
Oxen Bullocks,.. 378,455 
Horses,.. 255,107 
The census of 1842 states them to be as follows: 
Buffaloes,.. .. .» 1,324,023 
Bullocks,. 431,357 ' 
Horses,. 291,578 
This augmentation is owing not only to the cattle born in the coun¬ 
try, but also to the considerable importation which is made from 
other islands of the Archipelago, 
