REMARKS ON CONCIIOLOGY AND MAL ACHOLOGY. 22/ 
animal kingdom, and acknowledges in part the systems of Linnaeus, 
Lamarck, Blainville and other later authors. At the present time, 
the researches of modern naturalists have added greatly to the num¬ 
ber of existing genera and species, and increased our knowledge 
of their habits, localities, &c., while a few late writers have so al¬ 
tered established Systems, by substituting new families, genera and 
species, according to their individual experience that it is certainly 
impossible to give specific names to many specimens, so as to be 
understood by all readers. I have therefore, to avoid confusion en¬ 
tirely embraced Lamarck’s System, merely adding the names of 
such shells as were not known in his time, or such genera as are 
acknowledged new, by the common consent of naturalists. 
The shells of Singapore are found in three principal localities; in 
the sea, in fresh water, and oa the land; the sea shells, as might be 
anticipated, are most numerous; the list of fresh water shells is scanty, 
as there are here no natural sheets of water, no river entirely of fresh 
water, nor even a running stream deserving the name of a rivulet, 
so that, with the exception of springs, the only water that has not 
a brackish taint, is that which accumulates in artificial drains, some 
of them of considerable extent, and intersecting the country in vari¬ 
ous directions. A considerable number of shells which are common¬ 
ly described as inhabiting fresh, are found here in brackish water, 
and several of them in places that are overflowed by the sea at high 
tides; indeed the only kind I have hitherto found exclusively in fresh 
water is a species of Planorbis which I shall presently describe. 
The land shells of this place are not numerous so far as can be as¬ 
certained: I have not met with more than 23 species, though 
doubtless others might be added, were their localities more easy of 
access. Several kinds of Helix and Cyclostoma appear to inhabit the 
depths of the forest, from whence it is almost impossible to procure 
them, the jungle being, for the most part, guarded by an inter¬ 
woven mass of brushwood and prickly shrubs; several species have 
only been discovered, after the ground has been cleared by burning 
the trees and thus disclosing the half calcined remains of the shells. 
It cannot fail to strike any one who pursues the study of concho- 
logy in this neighbourhood, that there is a remarkable paucity of 
the larger and more gaily coloured shells, which does not seem easi¬ 
ly accounted for ; the coast is extensive and varied, and is, apparent- 
