LANGUAGES AXB RACES, 197 
cwn language ; and it may safely be added, that it is not more es¬ 
sential to its structure. 
The great alterations generally effected in the form of Malayan 
words introduced into the Wugi, seem to me plainly to attest their 
foreign origin. We find in them, changes by permutation, both of 
vowels, and consonants, changes by addition of vowels and changes 
by elision of consonants. I shall only give two or three examples. 
Kayu , wood, is in Wugi converted into ajit, by the loss of the first 
consonant, and the conversion of the second, which does not belong 
to the Wugi, into j. Lutut, the knee, and kulit, skin or rind, be¬ 
come in Wugi, utn, and uli, by the loss both of their initial and fi¬ 
nal consonants. Cdrmm, a mirror, becomes carni, by the change 
of d for a, the elision of the r, which would not be followed by ano¬ 
ther consonant without the intervention of a vowel, and the elision 
of the final consonant, which is one that could not end a word. 
The same inference of a foreign origin is, I think, to be deduced 
from the nature of the Malay and Javanese words found in Wugi. 
Among these, there are 240 nouns, 35 adjectives, 85 verbs. Among 
the 52 pronouns of the Bugis, I can discover but three that can be 
suspected Malay or Javanese. In 69 adverbs, I find three only that 
are of these languages; and out of 16 conjunctions, and 26 preposi¬ 
tions, there is but one of each that belongs to them. 
TJie languages of the Philippine islands from a peculiar group, 
differing very essentially from the Malay and Javanese. Several of 
those of the great island of Liujon have received a large amount of 
culture, and, like the principal languages of the western portion of 
the archipelago, are written tongues, with a peculiar and distinct al¬ 
phabet. 
This alphabet, the same for all the languages, has five vowels— a , 
e, i, o, u ; and 4 diphthongs— ai , <xo, cm, and ui ; with sixteen con¬ 
sonants, beside the aspirate, viz., b, d, g, j, k, l, m, n, n, n, p , r, t , 
iv, y. Of the vowels, therefore, it wants the d of the Malay and 
Javanese, while it possesses two diphthongs, which these have not. 
Among the consonants, it has ail those of the Malayan languages 
except the sound e. and the palatal ‘d and 
