A THIP TO PIIOBOI/INOGO 
557 
plant him large baus, though this the government authorities do 
not admit. This year however he is not making more than 30 pi¬ 
culs per bau, most probably for the double reason, of not having 
more land planted than by contract he is entitled to, and from hav¬ 
ing attempted to make a large portion of fine No. 18 sugar. He is 
thus forced to sacrifice weight for quality. The worst managed mill 
in Probolinggo, is reported to be that of Ginding belonging to Mr. 
Horst, attributable to bad arrangements, the authority at the place 
being divided between a European and a Chinaman. The only two 
mills further east than Pahiton, are that of Mr. De Rliiems, some¬ 
where near Bezoekie, and the new mill of Candu, now taking oft’ its 
first crop, and which is situated at Panarukan. Each mill gives 13 
to 14,000 piculs.* 
The population of Probolinggo is mostly Madurese, to the exclu¬ 
sion of the Javanese or rightful occupiers of the soil. This is said 
to have been occasioned some generations past, when the Dutch em¬ 
ployed the Madurese as allies in their wars with the chiefs of Java, 
more particularly in the middle of last century, when these islanders 
played so conspicuous a part in the wars which desolated Java. The 
land of Madura is clearly seen from the shores of Probolinggo and 
Bezoekie, and the arid sterility of the island was no doubt a strong 
incentive for its inhabitants to keep possession of a rich province 
which the fate of war had placed at their mercy. The country, how¬ 
ever, lay waste and neglected till the time of Marshal Daendels, 
when it was ceded to a Chinaman who made it his object to increase 
the population by encouraging the immigration of fresh families 
from Madura. During the time of the English government in Java, 
Probolinggo was the scene of disturbances and exposed to banditti, 
which led to the lands being resumed by the government. 
The influx of this foreign population has given rise to a tenure of 
land other than is usual amongst the Javanese, as the rich level land 
has been portioned out in small hereditary family properties. This 
arose from the first immigrants acknowledging each other’s exclusive 
right to the lot of land which his industry had cleared, and con¬ 
verted into productive sawahs. This individual right seems to be 
here clearly understood, and the lands are saleable and inheritable 
as in the Sunda districts. The heads of such landed families are 
known by the name of tc Kapala”, and it is their policy to encourage 
as much as possible the further immigration of young, but needy 
* See on the production of Sugar in Java, ante vol. i. pp. 194, 200 .—Ed. 
