WITH INDIA AND THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 
605 
cuit of more than 3000 miles” ami that “ many merchants from Zai- 
tun and Mangi (Mantze, the nine southern provinces of China at that 
time) come and carry on a great and profitable trade there.”* 
When Marco Polo has finished his account of the islands lying to 
the eastward, and comes to describe the different countries of India 
at which the junks appear to have touched during their 18 months’ 
voyage from Sumatra to Persia, he expressly mentions the trade 
which some of them had with China. Thus he says that many mer- 
island or islands so called to the west of Bdnt&n. M. Dulaurier supposes 
it to be in Celebes]. 17, Sambas. 18, Mampawa. 19, Sukadana. 20, Ku- 
ta ringin. 21, Siatan [M. D. cannot identify this. It must be Siantan, one 
of the Natunas, an n having been omitted. In the Sijai a Maiayu, Siantan 
is mentioned with Indragiri in Sumatra as countries which the ruler of Ma- 
japahit gave to Sultan Mansur Shaw of Malacca when he married his daugh¬ 
ter Radio Galah Chandra Kirana ; this was in A.D. 1380]. 22, Banjer Ma- 
sin. 23, Kutas [probably Koti, an s having been written or mistaken for an 
e], 24, Pasir. 25, Birumal. 26, Jambi. 27, Plembang. 28, ITjong Tana, 
[Johore or Singapore]. 29, Bandan [Banda]. 30, Bima. 31, Sambawa. 32 
Salaparang [Lombok]. 33, Seram. 34, Gorontala. 35, Ball. 36, Balarn- 
bangan. [Differing from M. Dulaurier, we would consider this the Javanese 
and not the Borneon Balambangan.] 
* From the mode in which his notice of it is introduced, it maybe infer¬ 
red that the junks bound for it first followed the coast of China and Cianba 
to Pulo Condore, and thence crossing the China sea by a south and south 
easterly course arrived on the coast of Borneo. Commentators assume 
that Cianba is Ciampa, and the names are probably identical, but it seems 
evident to us that Marco Polo describes under that name not the province 
south of Anam to which it has long been confined, but the then powerful king¬ 
dom of Kamboja,* with which Anam itself was then incorporated, having 
been subdued by it about the end of the preceding century.f The invasion 
by the Chinese in 1298 which Marco Polo mentions was not directed against 
the southern province of Ciampa but the kingdom of Kamboja. This ex¬ 
planation does away with an insurmountable objection to the received opi¬ 
nion, the fact namely that the distance from Ciampa to Pulo Condore which 
Marco Polo had an opportunity of estimating himself, is expressly stated 
to be about 700 miles, whereas even from the most norlhern limit of Ciam¬ 
pa proper, Phuyen, the distance is only about 300 miles. Sailing from 
Pulo Condore S.E. for 500 miles Lachac is reached. This country has 
proved a great stumbling block to all the commentators. The position 
and description themselves would leave no doubt on our minds that it 
was an inland country of Borneo in the direction of Sambas or Pontianak, 
perhaps Landak or Lawe. In Valentyn’s map of Borneo an island is mark¬ 
ed opposite the mouths of the Lawe called Layak. 
151 Soleyman, the Arabian traveller of the 9th century,mentions two king¬ 
doms under the name ofMujet and Mabel. From the description the for¬ 
mer is probably Kamboja [often pronounced Kamuja) and the latter Anam. 
j- Crawfurds Embassy to Siam, vol. ii. p. 245, 304. 
See also Dr. Le Fevre’s Details respecting Cochin China [ante, vol. i. 
p. 45) from which we may infer that the country to the south of Tonquin 
was called Ciampa in the 15th century. 
