02$ NOTICES OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE EAST COAST OF JOHORE. 
cementing substance appeared to be tlie lime derived from the shells 
and debris of shells which it contained. In the sand of the beach 
many large blocks of coral are imbedded. Half way to T. Kmawar 
a low ledge of rock crosses the beach. In this the quartz pervades 
the talcose base in a manner very like the analogous altered rocks 
at T. Tuan (Cape Rachado.) Here it is in isolated lumps, there 
in laminae between the talcose laminae, and terminating abruptly. 
Everywhere, or almost everywhere, it is accompanied by a curious 
twisting in the layers of the original rock. Further on a solid irre¬ 
gular mass of quartz about 5 feet square projects. 
Tanjong Kmawar differs greatly in its aspect from T. Pungai. 
The original rock has been similar but finer and more clayey, with 
the colour more blue and in some places blackish and reddish. The 
ferruginous action has been much less powerful ; the projecting hill 
has consequently been worn to the level of the sea, and no great 
ironmasked blocks strew the ground. The sandy beach is indeed 
continued round the point, but when we reach it the vegetation ad¬ 
vances, some remnants of the strata rise amongst it, and rows of ledges 
very irregular in their height stretch in front into the sea. The stra¬ 
ta here are nearly vertical, so that the portions left standing amidst 
the low trees and shrubs appear like the walls of a ruin, some being 
only about a foot in thickness, while they rise to the height of 20 to 
30 feet. They are much and irregularly seamed with quartz. Many 
parts have a strong resemblance to decayed wood. This arises from 
the dry hardened aspect of the rock, the fineness of the laminae, and 
the manner in which they are exposed by unequal wasting, so as to 
present all the varieties of grain which a piece of wood does. To¬ 
wards the extremity of the point where the ledges run out, the 
quartz is abundantly developed, and I have seen no place where its 
mode of production and its effects can be better studied. My inspec¬ 
tion was only partial, as I intended, if time allowed, to revisit and 
fully examine it on my return. The rock is a highly talcose fine 
grained shale, varying in colour from chocolate to violet (but some¬ 
times also bluish, and greyish,) the foliee very fine and having a glis- 
ening lustre on their faces ; the cross fracture is darker in colour and 
dull; the less indurated portions give a streak like chalk. Wherever 
there is much quartz the layers and laminae are greatly deflected. 
This effect is seen both on the thick beds, amongst and through which 
quartz is developed, often on a large scale, and on the fine laminae 
which include films of quartz or are traversed by it in thin cross veins. 
