NOTICES OF THE NORTHERN OR DUTCH HALF OF CELEBES. C^7 
which will give a clear gain of 21,500 Rupees, which no doubt 
might easily be more than trebled, if more direct attention was paid 
to the rich mines and mountains. 
The Commerce and Shipping-, on the whole, is very trifling; 
conducted, with the exception of two or three coasters, solely by 
the Paduwakans or Bugis prahus, under the command of Arabs, Bu* 
gis and Chinese, never sailing against the monsoon. The commerce 
chiefly consists in the exchange of articles. 
The Imports consist of European goods: cloth, linen, gold and, 
silver galloons, leather, iron-goods, glass, earthen ware, silk, and 
sugar. The Bugis further import from Singapore, gunpowder, guns, 
opium, and from Menado and Ternate, rice and sago. 
The Exports comprise gold, sarongs, cotton cloth &c., a kind 
of paper, kapok, kapas (in a raw state and worked), baskets, wax, 
cinnamon, wood, turtles, trepang, birds nests, and horses. 
Administration —The Dutch have placed here merely a Civile 
Gezaghebber, who has to report to the Resident of Menado, and 
thus the country is a dependency of the Government of the Moluccas. 
Native Government .—Each district has a chief, with the title 
of Raja, who is recognised and appointed by the Dutch Government, 
regard however being always had to their established customs. In 
Gurontalo and Limbo tte there are two Rajas, the one is called Raja 
negri and the other Raja gobernement, the latter being introduced 
for the sake of equipoise against the prince. All dispatches of go¬ 
vernment are first transmitted to the latter, who afterwards consults 
with his colleague, and he alone is responsible for the execution of 
the order given. All other officers of government are appointed by 
the Rajah, who merely notifies the names to the Civile Gezaghebber. 
These officers are the counsellors of state or Juhugus and the chiefs 
of the smaller districts or negris. The Raja gobernement enjoys 
everywhere of course* the larger share of authority and respect, 
though the Raja negri has the precedence in rank. The Police and 
awarding of punishment belongs as well with the Civile Gezaghebber 
as to the rajas. Criminal cases are brought before the landraad 
(provincial court), consisting of the Civile Gezaghebber, the com¬ 
manding lieutenant, and one or two rajas with other chiefs. 
The History of these countries is given at length in Valentyn. In 
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries they appear to have been still 
entirely unknown and unheeded. In the following century they were 
the subject of continual quarrel between Ternate and Tidore, who 
