A GLANCE AT MINAIIAS5A. 
827 
which are as it were intersected by volcanic mountains, are placed 
under Christian officers, but are immediately subject to native chiefs 
who have the ranks of Major and Hulcom Bezar. These districts 
are Menado, Aris, Klabbet below, Negerie Baru (Tetewungan,) 
Bantik, Klabat above (Mumbie,) Liekupang, Toncea (Kema,) Ton- 
dano (Tuliemambot,) Tondano (Tulian), Rembokan, Kakas, Langa- 
wan, Rataan, Passan, Belang, Tongsawang (Tombatu), Romohon, 
Tombasian, (Amurang) Tombaririe (Tanawanko), Tampasso, Ka- 
wankoan, So'nder, Serongsong, Tomohon, Lotta. Tliey are consi¬ 
dered to have jointly a population of 84,944 souls. 
The Christian population, which is not included in the above esti¬ 
mate, probably amounts to 7 5 388 souls. 
Besides the districts above mentioned, there are also under the 
government of the Resident of Menado, many places along the coast, 
such as the Sanger islands, where however our power is very li¬ 
mited. 
Monsoons. Rivers and Means of Comunicatton. 
The monsoons agree with those of Java and differ from those of 
Amboina. During the four past years they have come so irregular¬ 
ly, that it was difficult to say when they really commenced and end¬ 
ed. The South East monsoon having past, we were visited by a very 
dry wind, which is very prejudicial to vegetation. If the nights are 
cold the days are so much the hotter, the thermometer (Fall.) as¬ 
cending above 90° and descending below 64°. For the rest, land and 
sea breezes are regularly interchanged. 
It is said that Menado was formerly more healthy, but the cause 
to which this is imputed is very doubtful, viz., that the establishment 
of cacao plantations produces unhealthiness. Having presently to 
speak of the temperature of the higher part of the country, what is 
now said is to be considered as applicable to places along the coast. 
The north coast is abundantly provided with rivers, although they 
are not navigable by vessels of some size. On the south coast they 
are also met with every where, but, owing to their current being 
very small during the East monsoon, and the swell of the sea against 
the coast being then very heavy, they are filled with sea water, and, 
like those on the north coast, become unfit for the transport of pro¬ 
duce. Some of them by meandering through the valltesof the high 
country, are strongly impregnated with particles of sulphur, and some 
are even lukewarm. 
