4 
PRINCt PI A 
The first four parts of the fructification are properly parts 
of the flower, and the last three are parts of the fruit. 
I. The CALYX* (a cup) is the termination of the outer 
bark (cortex) of a plant, and its chief use is to enclose, sup¬ 
port, and protect the other parts of the fructification ; when 
present, it is generally seated on the receptacle, and is dis¬ 
tinguished by its figure, and by the number, division, and 
shape of its leaves or segments ; and by the following names, 
according to the circumstances with which it is attended. 
1st. Perianthium, (surrounding the flower) when its 
station is close to, and surrounds the other parts of the 
fructification, and it is then called the perianthium of the 
fructification : If it includes many florets, as in scabiosa, and 
other aggregate and compound flowers, it is called a common 
perianthium ; if it includes only one floret, in such flowers, it 
is called a proper perianthium; if it includes the stamina, 
and not the germen, f it is the perianthium of the flower, and 
is said to be above , as in lonicera, ribes , campanula , pyrus , &c. 
if it includes the germen, but not the stamina, it is the peri¬ 
anth ium of the fruit, and is said to be below, as in linnea and 
morina, each of which have two calyxes and two receptacles 
above each other, one of the flower and the other of the 
fruit; and may therefore serve as instances in both cases. | 
2d. In vo lucrum (a cover) when stationed at the foot of 
an umbel below th^ common receptacle, and at a distance 
* The calyx is considered a part of the flower, though it more generally attends, 
and is permanent with the fruit; as in the class didynamia , and most other 
plants; yet sometimes it drops before or with the corolla, and before the fruit is 
ripe ; as in the class tetradynamia and many other plants. It is also considered a 
part of the flower, as there is no instance of its coming out after the plant hath 
done flowering; yet in patagonula it is observed to grow to a much larger size 
in the fruit, than it had in the flower : In some plants there is none, (when the 
petals are strong, as in the tulip, &c») or scarce perceptible; in others it is only a 
rim or border (margo). The germen is also considered as part of the flower, as 
being the base of the pistillum, though it afterwards becomes the seed-vessels. 
T See germen under pistillum • 
X When the calyx is a perianthium, it generally corresponds with the petals of 
the corolla, as to the number of its leaves, but not always, as in fragaria , &c. 
