PROCEEDINGS OF THE PERTHSHIRE SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 
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Gynips Kollari Hart. The “Devonshire gall” is one 
of the most widely-known of all our species. It is 
believed to have been introduced into Britain; and was 
first noticed in abundance in Devonshire, whence its popu¬ 
lar name. It now occurs in many parts of Scotland, at 
least as far north as Forres, and is by no means scarce in 
Aberdeenshire and Banffshire. The galls are about the size 
of common marbles, such as boys amuse themselves with. 
As they remain attached to the twigs for years they are 
very conspicuous, and the more so as a twig may often 
have from six to a dozen on it. Single galls are almost 
perfect spheres, the surface being smooth or with only a 
few small warts scattered over it. When young they are 
yellowish-green and rather fleshy; but they turn a pale 
brown, and become dry as they get older. The central 
cell is relatively very small, as the walls are extremely 
thick, the greater part of the wall being made up of soft 
spongy tissue, with only a thin external and internal shell 
hard and compact. A very large number of kinds of 
insects have been reared from these galls, of which 
the greater number are guests. The gall-makers are 
almost without exception female, or, rather, asexual. 
Many thousands of them have been reared. 
Apliilothrix gemmae L. is the maker of the conspicuous 
“ Artichoke gall,” extremely common in many localities. 
The galls look very like miniature artichokes, as they are 
covered with the enlarged bud-scales one above the other, 
till they may reach an inch or more in length by §-inch in 
breadth. Their form is regularly conical. In the centre, 
concealed by the scales, lies a little rifle-bullet-shaped 
body, the true gall, consisting of a compact shell surround¬ 
ing a rather large space, in which the larva lives. These 
galls are formed in autumn, and the insects emerge in 
spring. They are all asexual. 
Apliilothrix solitaria Fonsc, makes galls of an ovate 
form, ending in a prominent tip, about 21,-31,-lines long 
by rather over half as much in breadth. Their sur¬ 
face is nearly smooth, and is green or brownish. The wall 
is thin but compact. The insects emerge in August, and 
are asexual. These galls have been found by Mr Cameron 
near Glasgow, and by myself on Deeside; they are more 
or less enveloped in the bud-scales, and are therefore apt 
to be overlooked. 
Aphilothrix autumnalis Hart. Of this species the dis¬ 
tribution in Scotland, so far as yet known, is the same 
as in the last case; but the gall is still less easily detected, 
as it is almost entirely surrounded by bud-scales, until, in 
late autumn, it falls to the ground, where it lies all winter. 
The gall is ovate, about l-7th-inch long by l-10th-inch 
broad, brown and smooth. The galls are formed in au¬ 
tumn, and the insects emerge in spring. They are asexual. 
Aphilothrix collaris Hart, forms extremely inconspicu¬ 
ous bud-galls, that remain entirely hidden among the bud- 
scales. They are spindle-shaped or ovate, ending in a 
conical point, l-6th-inch long and l-12th-inch broad, 
smooth and brown, and very thin-walled. They are 
formed in early summer, the insects, which are asexual, 
emerging in the end of May or in June. As yet, 
owing no doubt to their want of conspicuousness, these 
galls have been found in Scotland only by myself, in one 
or two places near Aberdeen. 
Aphilothrix albopunctata Schl. is another of the makers 
of inconspicuous bud-galls, and, like the others, has been 
found in Scotland only by Mr Cameron and myself in 
our respective localities, though it will doubtless prove to 
be not uncommon when looked for elsewhere. The galls 
now under notice are almost entirely enveloped in the bud- 
scales, from which they fall out when ripe. They are oval or 
ovate, about 2-27^-lines by 1 l-5th-l 3-5th-line, smooth, and 
green or brown, with numerous short white streaks. The 
wall is rather thick. The galls are formed in spring, and 
fall to the ground towards the end of May, while the insects 
are said to emerge from them in late autumn, or in the 
following spring. They are asexual. 
Aphilothrix callidoma Hart, also makes bud-galls in the 
axils of the leaves ; but differing from those previously 
described in being supported on long stalks. They are not 
unlike a barleycorn in size and appearance, with a red 
or green surface, changing in colour to brown, and either 
provided with several longitudinal ridges, or smooth, 
with a thin coating of white hairs. The wall is rather 
thin. The galls are found in autumn, and have been 
recorded by Mr Cameron from Inver Moriston. The 
insects are asexual. 
Dryoteras terminalis Fabr. causes the “ oak-apples,” 
more generally known in some parts of England than 
among us; though, from their size and bright red colour, 
they are sufficiently conspicuous to attract the notice of 
even the least observant. They are generally situated on 
the smaller branches, forming masses of an irregularly- 
rounded outline, often reaching lj-inch in breadth. 
The surface is smooth, and velvety in texture. It is 
of a yellowish-green colour, with usually one side red, 
as in an apple. On making a section through the gall, 
it is found to be fleshy and full of sap, and contains 
in its central part a number of cavities, each surrounded 
by a compact wall, and each tenanted by a larva. These 
galls are formed in early summer, and the insects emerge 
during the summer. They are of both sexes. The 
galls dry up after the insects have left them, but their 
