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namely, being destitute of wings. Fabricius classed the Linncean Aptera in 
various sections, but still considered them genuine insects. Cuvier was the first 
naturalist who held a different opinion. By his elaborate researches in Com¬ 
parative Anatomy, he demonstrated that the Crabs and other allied genera 
(Cancer, Oniscus , and Monocidus of Linn.) “could not be retained amongst 
insects, inasmuch as they possessed a totally distinct system of respiration, 
breathing by means of bronchite, or gills; as well as a complete system of circu¬ 
lation : of these, therefore, he formed the class Crustacea , which has been regarded 
as distinct by all subsequent entomologists.”—W estw., Intr ., p. 2. 
Lamarck established on similar grounds another class, which he denominated 
Arachnida , and which included the Linnsean genera Aranea , Scorpio , Phalangium , 
A ear ns, Scolopendra , Julus , Lepisma , Podura , and Pediculus. 
Latreille (in his last system) regarded the Centipedes (genera Scolopendra , 
Julus , Linn.) as constituting a distinct class, which he denominated Mgriapoda. 
He adopted Cuvier’s Crustacea, and Lamarck’s Arachnida , with the exception 
of Podura and Lepisma (ord. Thgsanura , Latr.), and Pediculus (ord. Parasita , 
Latr.), which he considered as true insects, and raised to the rank of orders. 
Hr. Leach’s system, with regard to the animals in question, differed little from 
Latreille’s. Under his Insecta Ametabola he classed Thgsanura (Latr.) and 
Anoplura ( Parasita , Latr.). Leach considered the Mites as a distinct class, 
which he named Acari . 
Kirby and Spence divided the sub-kingd. Annulosa into three classes: Crus¬ 
tacea (Cuv.), Arachnida (Lam.), and Insecta (Linn.), and included under the 
last the Lepismce , Pediculi , Acari , and Centipedes ; joined together under the 
single order Aptera , and characterised by respiring by tracheae, and having no 
system of circulation. This classification is so objectionable, that it was likely 
to attract Mr. Westwood’s notice : he remarks, accordingly, that 
“ The incongruous character of the groups thus associated together; the possession of the pul¬ 
monary sacs by Thelyphonus, which is thus placed amongst the Mites; the recent researches of 
M. Duges on the respiratory organs of Dysdera and Segestria (clearly demonstrating that the 
respiratory system in Arachnida is not entitled to pre-eminence as a character of this class) ; and, 
lastly, the admission of Messrs. Kirby and Spence themselves, that their order Aptera is not a 
natural, but merely a provisional one, and that the hexapod insects are to be regarded as more 
peculiary entitled to the denomination of insects, will, I trust, be considered as sufficient to au¬ 
thorise me in not adopting their views.”—p. 3. 
“ Our system,” says Hr. Burmeister, “ is not acquainted with an order 
Aptera , which we have found in the majority of the others, as in every case it is 
artificial, and must embrace insects of the most dissimilar orders. The most 
distinct proof in support of this assertion is furnished by the circumstance that 
■we find in the same family, winged and apterous genera contiguous together, and 
indeed, in many genera, the males winged, and the females apterous.” He has 
