LEPIDOPTEROUS PUP2E AND THEIR SURROUNDING SURFACES. 
323 
of V. Io and the green form of so many other dimorphic species (Papilio machaon, 
Anthocaris cardamines, &c.). But I was soon convinced that Vanessa urticce has no 
green form, and therefore in these experiments, in which green was the predominant 
colour, the results produced showed no fixed relation to the chief part of the sur¬ 
roundings, but must have been determined by individual tendencies irrespective of 
external stimuli, except such as were provided by the amount of shade in such 
covered cylinders, and by the presence of neighbouring larvae and pupae. 
E. Another lot of larvae were placed in a cylinder similar to the last, except that 
a new roof had been recently added, consisting of two layers of green tissue-paper, 
while the sides were surrounded by a single layer which had become very transparent 
and yellowish. On August 19 there were five pupae, of which four were on the 
comparatively opaque and dark roof, while one was suspended from the bare stem of 
the food-plant and fully exposed to the yellow light coming in through the sides. The 
colours were :— 
Of the 4 pupae on the roof ... 1 was (2). 
3 were (3), 1 of them with unusual gold. 
On the food-plant 1 was (5), splendidly golden all over. 
5 
This experiment, more than any other in Series II., convinced me that the pupae 
vary in lightness and darkness, in brilliancy and dulness, and that it was useless 
to continue the employment of green cylinders, but that such colours as black and 
white would be far more likely to yield satisfactory results. 
Three larvae were removed from this cylinder on August 13, and were treated in a 
manner winch will be described below. 
F. Another lot of larvae were placed in a cylinder also covered with the same 
green paper, but in this instance there were two layers over the cylinder as well as 
the roof; but the paper was faded, becoming yellowish and comparatively transparent. 
The larvae in this cylinder were blinded by painting over the region of the ocelli with 
black varnish (a quickly-drying photographic varnish, rendered opaque by the addition 
of lamp-black). Five pupae were suspended from the roof, and one was lying on the 
floor. The colours were :—- 
Of the 5 pupae on the roof ... 3 were (2), 1 with rather more gold than the others. 
1 was (3). 
1 „ (5). 
On the floor 1 ,, (2). 
6 
It is seen that the blinding made no difference to the result, at any rate in the 
direction of producing darker pupae. This conclusion will be confirmed later. 
