GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY. 
25 
and having a dip slope, as shown in PI. IX, A (p. 80). Character¬ 
istic of the soft shale are hills having the form of mounds with sym¬ 
metrical rounded contours and with few prominent outcrops except 
pavements of shale forming- the surface. The soft Fernando sands 
form small hills that look like irregular sand piles, and long slopes 
with shallow erosion features. Some of these slopes reflect the 
dip of the strata on the flanks of low folds and are structurally 
inclined plateaus in a typical state of youthful dissection. The val¬ 
leys are, in many places, filled with sand that has shifted down from 
the hills faster than it could be carried away by agencies of transpor¬ 
tation. Great cliffs of soft sand are common as the result of the rapid 
undermining and removal of portions of hills. Thus walled cirques 
are formed. Harder materials in the Fernando cause squarish forms, 
such as that of Mount Solomon. The terraces of the Quaternary 
give a strong individuality to the topography of this region. They 
are widely in evidence along the coast, in valleys, at all levels up to 
1,200 or 1,400 feet on slopes, on hilltops, and along horizon lines. 
DRAINAGE AND RAINFALL. 
The three principal streams have received mention under the pre¬ 
vious headings. A small amount of water runs in them all the year 
round, but the quantity is only rarely sufficient in either of the two 
main streams to warrant their being called rivers. This name is 
applied to them on the ground of the importance of their drainage 
areas. Almost all the drainage of the two quadrangles flows into 
these three streams. In the main they run parallel to the strike of 
the formations. In addition to those already mentioned, others that 
run independently into the sea are Casmalia Creek, in Schumann Can¬ 
yon, which first cuts obliquely across the end of the Casmalia Hills 
and then assumes a longitudinal course; Canada Honda Creek and 
Jalama Creek, the two last having deeply cut courses parallel with the 
structural lines at the west end of the Santa Ynez Mountains. The 
steep seaward slope of these mountains is cut into by a great number 
of short, steep, transverse gorges. 
The portion of the San Rafael Range lying within the area covered 
by the map is drained principally by Sisquoc and Cuyama rivers, 
which flow along well-graded courses, and by the minor streams, 
Labrea and Tepusquet creeks. With the exception of the Cuyama, 
these watercourses and the majority of the others in the mountains 
have cut transverse canyons across the formations regardless of the 
folding and the structural lines. In this respect they differ from the 
streams farther south. 
On the whole, it is rather a dry region. An average of only 12 or 15 
inches of rain falls annually, during the winter rainy season. During 
