GEOLOGY. 
57 
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crossing Labrea Creek. In the first two the dip of the beds is mod¬ 
erate and the disturbance is not great. 
DISTRIBUTION. 
An idea of the distribution of the Fernando may be well obtained 
from the map (PI. I, in pocket), as it is not covered by so many forma¬ 
tions as the older series. It is much more widespread near the surface, 
however, than appears on the map, since it is probably present and 
hidden by only thin deposits over a great part of the area mapped 
as terrace deposits and alluvium. 
The general character of the Fernando is that of a filling. Its soft, 
loose, spreading sands, which preserve poorly evidence of low folds, 
form moundlike hills and broad valleys that convey the idea of a 
filled topography. But, on the other hand, harder beds and surface 
cappings due to hardening by iron oxide, which not uncommonly pro¬ 
duce sharp, square outlines, are marked features of the topography, 
as in the vicinity of Mount Solomon, at the head of Howard Canyon. 
On the northeastern border of the Casmalia Hills, between Schumann 
and Graciosa Canyon, a lime-hardened sandstone predominates and 
forms a prominent ridge. In the Santa Rita Hills the lines of structure 
that there curve around from a westerly direction to the southeast are 
brought out by the resistant limestone which supports the northeast 
flanks of the hills. The wide-stretching foothills of the San Rafael 
Range north of Santa Ynez have a character all tlieir own. They are 
formed of gravel, clay, and sand that have the appearance of belong¬ 
ing to a fresh or brackish water series, and they stand out with many 
bold faces that have been cut in the soft formation, as illustrated in 
PI. YI, A. Elsewhere the dominant character of the Fernando and 
its topographic forms are due to the soft sand which forms the major 
portion of the series. 
EVIDENCE OF AGE. 
At least five and probably six distinct horizons are recognizable in 
the Fernando by means of characteristic fossil faunas. The locali¬ 
ties at which these different faunas occur, named in their probable 
relative order, beginning with the oldest, are as follows: 
(а) South of Waldorf in soft shale; south and east of Sisquoc in fine sandstone. 
(б) “Sea-urchin bed,” Squires (Santa Maria Oil and Gas) lease; California Coast 
lease; south of Graciosa-Western Union wells; west of Harris Canyon; vicinity 
of Hill wells in the Lompoc field; and near head of Howard Canyon. 
(c) Waldorf asphalt mine, railroad cut 1 mile northeast of Schumann; Pennsylvania 
asphalt mine at east end of Graciosa Ridge; all in gray shale or fine gray sand¬ 
stone. 
(d) Waldorf asphalt mine; railroad cut 1 mile northeast of Schumann; Fugler Point 
asphalt mine; Sisquoc (or Alcatraz) asphalt mine; and points along north flank 
of Casmalia Hills, in coarse sandstone or conglomerate. 
( e ) East end of Folsom lease in soft sandstone. 
(/) Fresh or brackish water beds immediately west of the mouth of Canada Laguna 
Seca. 
