Lach of these general types had numerous varieties according to the 
species sought, the locality and, in some cases, according to the 
season of operation. Hook and line fishing, less important in total 
production than net fishing consisted of simple angling (not used 
extensively in coastal waters), hand trawls and line trawls. 
In connection with the operations for the various species 
numerous devices were used to "bring fish to a desired spot. These 
included lighting, baiting, sheltering and helping spawning. Lighting 
by means of oil, gas or electricity was used especially in the sardine, 
mackerel and squid fisheries. Baiting, using either real or false 
bait, was a common practice. By providing artificial shelter, by 
protecting their natural refuge, and by aiding spawning through the 
provision of shrubs, fish were assembled in places convenient for 
their capture. 
Another characteristic of the Japanese coastal fisheries, 
which is brought out in the succeeding iescriptions, perhaps needs 
emphasis. The crews of the boats of the coastal fisheries were dis¬ 
proportionately large; eight men were quite common in a small boat 
end 12 to 30 in ones slightly larger. 
Sardines . There were many methods used to 
catch sardines. Nets used were encircling nets, entangling nets, 
dragging nets, trap nets, laying nets, casting rets and scoop nets - 
i.e. nets of all seven general types. 
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