their members the rights grantable to individual fishermen. Fishing in 
"fixed plhces" included operations by fish traps, pound nets and weirs; 
fishing in H limited sphere* denoted areas in which marine products such 
as oysters and seaweed are grown; “special fisheries" included whaling and 
other fishing for which special licenses were issued. Fishing of these 
various categories were greatly intermingled; these rights often contiguous, 
commingled or even conflicting are reported to have been mapped and 
registered by the prefectural governments. Table 64 gives the number of 
licenses of each type by districts for 1937. 
“Exclusive right" fishing was licensed by the prefectural govern¬ 
ments. "Special"licenses, which in 1939 included those for whaling, 
trawling, sealing and floating cannery operations, were issued by the 
central government. The other two categories are thought to have been 
licensed by the prefectural governments although no direct statement to 
this effect was found; at least prefectural governments are reported to 
have records and maps indicating the location of all such fisheries. 
Taxation. Taxes were prefectural and differed from district to 
district. They were levied as a license fee for the particular classes 
of fishing, as rental for particular areas or as direct taxes on boats, 
nets, persons or "fishing households." 
Conservation Measures . Both the central government and prefecural 
governments issued orders and regulations designed as conservation 
measures. Those issued by the central government dealt with whaling, 
sealing, trawling and crab fishing whereas those issued by the prefectural 
- 168 - 
16-03 l Pi 94 
