SATYB1NJE. 
145 
nearly all tlie species hibernate. M. Marloy, who seems to have been more successful 
in finding the larvas of the European species than any one else, obtained them all in 
the months of March, April, and May (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vii. pp. 263-7 (1838). 
Prittwitz also states (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxii.) that all European species, except two, 
probably or certainly winter in the larval stage, and these exceptional insects, curiously 
enough, are almost the only ones which are double-brooded.” (Scudder, 1. c. p. 115.) 
According to Mr. L. de Niceville (Butt. India, i. 95 (1883) “the larvas feed only 
during the night.” 
“ In this subfamily are found some curious and instructive exceptions to the 
general rule of pupation among the Nymphalidse, a family which, as is well known, 
suspend themselves by the hinder extremity during the chrysalis state. In certain 
European species, whose transformations were first studied by M. Marloy, the 
caterpillar goes beneath the ground to pupate, and forming a large oval cocoon or 
cell, composed of grains of earth connected by a little silk, undergoes its transforma¬ 
tions therein without suspending or attaching itself in any form whatever. In one 
of our [N. American] species of (Eneis we have an even more extreme case. In 
another European species, Melanargia galathea , Mr. Bates informs us, Messrs. 
Hellins and Buckler have found the chrysalis lying on the ground between stems of 
grass, the shrivelled skin of the larva remaining attached to the hinder extremity of 
the chrysalis. Both Dr. Boisduval and Mons. Duponchel give a similar account of it, 
but Hiibner represents it as suspended. Mr. Edwards has recently bred the species 
in this country [N. America] from specimens sent over, and had an experience 
similar to that of Messrs.Hellins and Buckler. But besides this insect, we know of 
at least eight European species, mostly referred to Satyrus, but some to Epinepliele 
and Fararge as well, the chrysalids of which are not suspended; and so far as yet 
appears these all belong to the species of Satyrinas which have vertically ribbed eggs. 
Most of the species, however, whose transformations are known, suspend themselves 
after the manner of other Nymphalidse. 
cc The butterflies of this subfamily may be further distinguished by their peculiar 
flight, which is of a feeble, wavering, dancing character and not long sustained; 
neither do the insects rise far above the ground. Mr. R. Trimen (Rhopal. Afncm 
Austr. p. 185) says he has c noticed that those species which do hot possess the basal 
inflation of the veins of the forewings possess greater powers of flight and a more 
robust structure generally. 5 Mr. A. R. Wallace, in writing of the species found on 
the Amazons, says (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) ii. p. 261) he c does not remember to 
have ever seen any species rise four feet from the earth, while the greater number of 
them do not exceed as many inches. 5 They are shade-loving insects. 6 They 
chiefly affect the glades and lanes of the woods, being not often seen in the clearing; 
sometimes, however, they come into our gardens of a morning, but then they fly 
vol. i. Julv 8th, 1891. u 
