50 
U. 0. Batavyal— Copper-plate Grant of Dharmap&la. [No. 1, 
roddharnikas, 1 Dossadhasadhanikas, 3 Dutas, 3 Kholas, 4 Grama- 
gamikabhitvaramanas, 5 Hastya^agomaliisyajavikadhyaksas, 6 Naka- 
dhyaksas, 7 Valadhyaksas, 8 Tarikas, 9 paulkikas, 10 Gaulmikas, 11 all 
persons holding either temporary or permanent commissions, and 
other servants of the king not named herein of the Ca{a 12 and Bhata 
tribes : (in particular) to the Jyestha Kayastha, 13 Mahamahattara, 14 
Dagagramika, 16 and other incumbents of the Visaya office, ap¬ 
pointed from time to time, with all their subordinate writers and 
accountants, 16 and to all resident cultivators : (to all persons above 
A Caur- , dddharanika = discoverers of thieves, or police officers. 
JDds-sddha-sddhanika = executors of all works to be done by manual labour, 
nswering to Public Works officers of our day. 
3 Duta = political agents. 
Khola = ? spies. (The word means a lame man; in vulgar language it also 
means a jackal.) 
& Gamdgamikd-’bhitvaramdna^ the expediter of messengers: the head of the 
staff of peons. 
6 Htisty-agva, 8fc. = superintendent of elephants, horses, kine, buffaloes, goats 
and sheep. 
7 Ndkd-’dhyaksa = chiefs of police stations. (This is conjectural; the word 
Ndkd is locally used to denote a police out-post.) 
8 Vald-dhyaksa = Commander-in-Chief of land forces. 
9 Tarika = commander of naval forces. 
10 £aulkiha = customs officers. 
11 Gaulmika — commanders of garrisons or military stations. 
12 Cuta and Bhata seem to have been menial officers of the Intelligence 
Department, who moved about the country for collecting secret information and 
became in course of time the pests of society. The word Cdta became the synonym 
for a deceiver. 
IS Jyestha Kdyastha = the head-writer, or head ministei'ial officer of the Visaya 
office. 
1 4 The word Mahattara seems to be twice engraved by mistake. The Mahattara 
was the officer whose name still survives in the grants known as Mahdttran. 
15 Ddga-grdmika = superintendents of ten villages. The ten-village adminis¬ 
trative divisions were included in the jurisdiction of the Visayas , which I think 
answered the same purpose as parganas under the Muhammadans. 
- ■ • 
IS The original for this is sa-Tcarandn. Karana , was but another name of 
Kdyastha , the great oaste of Writers and Accountants under the Hindu kings, and of 
Patwarls of our own times, from whose oppressive dealings and sharp practices 
the kings were particularly enjoined to protect their subjects. Thus we have an 
ancient text: 
wi w ii ti 
About the identity of the Karana with the Kdyasthas it may be noted, that in 
social gatherings of Kdyasthas now-a-days, it is customary first of all to salute 
