4 
F, B. Sliawe —Tibetan Orthography and 'Pronunciation. [No. 1, 
On the 'Relationship between Tibetan Orthography and the Original 
Pronunciation of the Language.—By The Rev. F. B. Shawe, Moravian 
Missionary in Ladak. 
[Read, November, 1893.] 
[Note .—In the MS. of this paper Jaeschke’s system of translitera¬ 
tion was followed. For typographical reasons, however, some slight 
changes proved necessary, which will, I hope, not be confusing to the 
student accustomed to use Jaeschke’s system, and which are not 
intended to be understood as a new system of my own. For scientific 
purposes I consider Jaeschke’s system to be the best of all I have 
hitherto met with. 
The transliterations are shown 
ha, k or c. 
I*' k'a, aspirated 7c. 
ga, hard English g; when s 
mute prefix represented by y 
na , ng (pang). 
■S’ ca, ch 4 
c ’a, aspirated da. 
fa j- 
S’ nya, French gn (campagne). 
V ta, t. 
5T fa, aspirated ta. 
V da, d. 
V na, n. 
pa, p. 
'fa, aspirated pa. 
ba, b. 
ma, ni. 
in the following table :— 
& tsa, ts (parts). 
ts*a, aspirated tsa. 
dza, ds (guards). 
wa, w. 
zha, s (leisure). 
za, z (zeal). 
Q’ % a, (basis for vowels). 
w ya, y (yard). 
X* ra , r. 
<3T la, 1. 
£a, sh. 
sa , s (some). 
W ha, h. 
tfT ’u (basis for vowels). 
d, t, etc., are cerebrals. 
Pronunciations spelled phonetically 
are enclosed by asterisks.] 
