1894.] 
Karl Marx —History of Ladakh. 
95 
intended tlie building), and became the most excellent amongst the 
clericals who delight in the doctrine. He was made ruler of Gu-ge. 
To the youngest son De-ch’og-nam-gyal, Spi-ti and Zangs-kar were 
allotted as his portion; he ruled there. De-ldan-nam-gyal resided in 
Ru-t’og in summer, and in Ladakh in winter. He united under his 
sway (all the country) from Pu-rig to the Mar-yum pass. In memory 
of his father, he erected at Shell an image of (Shakya-) T’ub-pa, 1 made 
of copper and gilt, three storeys high; also a Chorten, five storeys high, 
of which the thirteen wheels, 2 the canopy and the crowning-piece 3 were 
again made of copper and gilt. In memory of his mother he built at 
the head of the Te-war-gorge 4 * a Ma-ni-riog-mo, 6 at either end a Chor¬ 
ten, one of the Great-Jang-ch’ub-, the other of the Great-Nam-gyal- 
(type). 6 (Also) at Leh-palace he put up an image of Shakya-T’ub-pa 
out of copper and gilt, and two storeys high. As it had been customary 
with his father, so he likewise appointed permanently for Kub-ra, Zangs- 
k’ar, Bab-go, Ting-gang, and other places 108 Lamas each, who were to 
perform the 100 millions of O-mani-padme-huii-incantations there once 
a year. Furthermore, for the sake of his own reputation with posterity 
he erected at Leh an image of Chan-ras-zigs out of copper and gilt, two 
storeys high, an assembly-hall, and a silver-Chorten two storeys high. 
At that time, he appointed his minister Shakya-gya-ts’o Field- 
marshal. In the female Water-Ox-year the Ladakh army took the 
field. Many men and women of Kar-bu they carried away captive. 
He-na-ku and Stag-tse were reduced and brought into subjection. lSText, 
Chig-dan and Sha-kar were taken (broken). Then he led his army on 
to Sod-pa-sa-ri; he took Sod-castle, and (also) gathered in the harvest 
of the fields. On his way back, he sent his army against Sum-t’ang 
and conquered it, then attacked Kar-tse and again was victorious. He 
brought with him the chieftain (of that place) T’i-Sultan. In the male 
1 Buddha. The image is still there, and the Chorten as well. 
2 In Ladakh, wherever they are, there are always 13 of these wheels, but many 
Chortens are entirely without these. They are almost always red, and decrease in 
size from below upwards, so as to form a slender cone. In this case they are of 
copper and gilt. I believe their number is in some way connected with Shaman¬ 
ism. Radloff, in speaking of the Shamanists in Siberia, mentions (if I remember 
right, the book is not within my reach at present) 13 worlds, through which the 
man who strives to obtain perfection has to press upwards. 
3 The top-ornament of the Chorten, like a large open flower (lotus), is called 
Zarrazag. 
4 Gorge is half-way between Leh and the bridge. (Road to Tshushod.) 
8 ‘ Long Mahi, ’ in contradistinction from the ‘ round Maui,’ the Maui driven by 
waters and others. This is the most conspicuous Mani in the whole country. 
6 There are eight types of Chortens. The Jang-ch’ub is distinguished by 
square-steps, the Nam-gyal by circular steps. 
J. i. 13 
