104 
Kai*l Marx —History of Ladakh. 
[No. 2, 
water mixed to wash his bauds. When he travelled about in the pro¬ 
vinces, he went at night with lamps and torches (?). With the men 
of the old regime he could not agree. He took the Privy Seal from the 
Kalon to the palace. The king himself, and the head-men of villages, 
Lords, etc., all new-fashioned men, took counsel with each other. The 
noble families he did not attend to. The king of Zangs-k’ar and the 
Pu-rig Ka-lon he kept in prison. The new-fashioned servants that 
stood before him he made governors of the palace, and everywhere 
the old customs were destroyed. 
At that time, having passed through Nyungti and Gar-zha, the 
Bara Sahib and the Chota Sahib, with great wealth, came to Leh. 
They gave all sorts of rich presents to the noblemen of Ladakh and 
others. “We must see the king ” they said, “what evil there is in 
Indians, one cannot know,” was all that was said in reply, and an 
audience for consultation was refused for several months. At last they 
saw the king. They presented a pen-knife, scissors, a gun, and a variety 
of things, but the best were a pen-knife, scissors and a gun. They 
said: “We have come to see the way in which your ministers and 
people are ‘ carrying it on,’ and your Majesty’s wisdom, and as there 
is a likelihood of this country being conquered, if we built a tower 
(fort) here, it would prove useful to the king.’’ The king and minis¬ 
ters, in considering the case, said : “ If they build a fort, no one knows, 
what means of doing harm it may be,” and did not allow them to build 
the fort. Then they gave him (the king) a letter in a box and said : 
“ Accept this ; it may cure the king’s mind ! ” They stayed through both 
summer and winter and then departed. These were the first European 
Sahibs who came. 
Thereupon the army of Nyung-ti invaded Spi-ti and after having 
destroyed the villages and carried away all the property, they returned 
home. They petitioned (the king) that he should wage a war of re¬ 
venge, but he said : “ You have not tried your best,” and punished them. 
Later on, the Nyung-ti and Gar-zha conspired against Zangs-k’ar, 
and laid waste Pal-dum-k’ar and the central districts. The symbols 
of Body, Word and Spirit they destroyed. Ponies and Yaks, whatever 
there was of mammon, they robbed, and again returned home. Later on, 
Paldar brought the Sher army of Ratanpas (?). From A-ring to 
Pa-dum every village they destroyed. Throughout Kar-sha and the 
central districts, on both sides of the river, they fought, and although 
afterwards a peace was made and they went back, yet the king said : 
“ You Zangs-kar people have not tried your best,” and punished them. 
One year later a Man-de and Wa-ran army came and devastated Upper 
Zangs-k’ar up to Dung-ring. They burnt the villages with fire ; what 
of wealth and cattle they got they carried back with them. 
