1873.] A. F. Rudolf Hoernle —Essays on the Gaurian Languages. 
85 
addition for a mere euphonic purpose, or to distinguish the neuter oblique 
form from the (otherwise identical and indistinguishable) masculine oblique 
form , or to assimilate the neuter oblique form to the neuter direct form. The 
addition of an inorganic final nasal occurs here and there in Gaurian, as e. g. 
in the negative particle *TF#f or and in the noun (Skr. ; 
Prak. Trt). The Gujarati Grammar of the Rev. Joseph Van S. Taylor 
does not admit a neuter oblique form with a final nasal at all (see §. 140. 
44., pp. 2G-29). Even in Mr. Sh. Edalji’s Grammar the forms with the final 
nasal seem to he allowed only as optional (see §. 94., p. 40). Under these 
circumstances the conclusion appears to be justified that the final nasal is 
inorganic, and, in fact, an incorrect addition made perhaps for some reason 
like those suggested above. If, however, the final nasal should be organic, 
the only solution—by no means satisfactory to my own mind—that I can 
suggest for the present is this ; the Sanskrit neuter nouns in \ and ^ 
insert a nasal («T or xrr) before the affix of the genitive ; e. g., water 
has Gen. qiyfV^jn ; curds has Gen. ; 3T7y heavy has Gen. 
sweet has Gen. 'SIN"?!'! In Prakrit this use, as an optional one, is extended 
even to the masculines in \ and e. g., fire has Gen. (or 
wind l las Gen. or This renders it not improbable 
that perhaps in' later or vulgar Prakrit that use was even more extended, 
viz., also to neuter nouns in so that, e. g., gold would have not only 
saint is jfi^yy^ (Skr. Pr. and 37T^T*ft) ; where is ^^y Skr. is iy w 
or (Skr. -yy^I Pi*, etc., etc. In all these and like words, tlie nasal is 
pronounced by Natives as an anusasika, not as an anuswara. They are all proper 
Gaurian words. But in Prdlcritic words, as Tpjjy healthy , ^rjqy long, fiyjy cloch, etc., and 
in Sanshritic words, as ^p^Ujy evening, joined, etc., etc., the nasal is pronounced by 
Natives as an anuswara. The difference may, perhaps, be best illustrated by the 
French and English ; langage, exemple, environs are pronounced with what Pandits 
would call the anunasika, but language, example, environs, are pronounced with what 
they would call the anuswara. There is an essential difference between the two nasals. 
The anunasika is a mere nasalization, which maybe given to any sound (commonly to 
a vowel, but also to consonants), and therefore a mere modification of a sound 
(■^Trr^yfj) but not a distinct sound itself; while the anuswara is a distinct and 
separate nasal sound (eyw). See Max Muller’s Lectures on the Science of Languages, 
2nd vol., p. 1G4. Panini 1, 1. 8. 8, 3. 23. 24. In poetry the distinction of the two nasals 
is clear and important; the anuswara makes the preceding vowel always long, while the 
anunasika has no influence on it whatever. In modern printed books, unfortunately, the 
distinction between the anunasika and anuswara is very rarely and incorrectly observed. 
Those printed by natives are in this respect generally more exact, than those edited by 
foreigners. In future, in these essays all modern Gaurian nasals will bo represented 
by the anunasika. In quotations, however, from the oldest Hindi, of Chand, I shall, 
forthe present, retain the anuswara ; as there may bo some uncertainty as to the date, 
when the old anuswara of the Prakrit was changed by tho Gaurian into the mere 
anunasika. 
