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when they should be placed under a common frame to screen them from frost in winter; but in mild 
weather they must be fully exposed to the open air. The following spring these may be taken out 
of the pots, and planted in a nursery-bed, in a warm situation, where they may remain two years* 
to get strength, and afterwards planted in the places where they are designed to remain. These 
plants, when young, are frequently injured by frost, for they shoot pretty late in the autumn, so that 
the early frosts often kill the extremity of their branches; but as the plants advance in strength, 
they become more hardy, and are seldom injured but in very severe winters. It is late in the spring 
before these trees come out, which has often caused persons to believe they were dead; and some 
have been so imprudent, as to cut them down on that supposition, before the tree was well 
known. 
The Catalpa delights in a rich moist soil, where it will make great progress, and in a few years 
produce flowers. 
Genus 8. Carpinus. Morn-beam, or Hard-beam Tree * 
Class XXI. Monoecia. Order VIII. Polyandria. 
Species 1 . The Horn-beam, oxWych-hasel. (Carpinus Betulus ) 
The leaves of this tree begin to open about the end of March, and are usually quite out by the 
middle of April. The flowers are in full blow towards the end of the same month. 
The Horn-beam is very common in many parts of England, but is rarely suffered to grow as a 
timber-tree, being generally reduced to pollards by the country people; yet where the young trees 
have been properly treated, they have grown to a large size. I have seen some of them in woods, 
upon a cold stiff clay, which have’ been near seventy feet high, with large, noble, fine stems, 
perfectly straight and sound. Of late years, this has been only considered as a shrub, and never 
cultivated but for underwood in the country, and in the nurseries to form hedges, after the French 
taste; for in most of their great gardens, their alcoves, &c. are formed of these trees, as are their 
trellisses and hedges which surround their plantations. But since these sorts of ornaments have been 
almost banished from the English gardens, there has been little demand for these trees in the 
nurseries. 
Species 2. Hop Horn-beam. (Carpinus Ostrya.) 
The Hop Horn-beam sheds its leaves in winter, with the Elm, and other deciduous trees. This 
tree was first observed in Italy, and is very common in Germany, growing promiscuously with the 
common sort. It is also said to grow plentifully in many parts of North America, but it is doubtful 
whether that is not a different sort from this. The Hop Horn-beam is of quicker growth than the 
common sort, but what the wood of this will be I do not know; for there are but few of the trees 
in England growing upon their own roots, most of them having been grafted upon the common 
Horn-beam, which is the usual method of propagating them in the nurseries; but the trees so raised 
are of short duration, for the graft generally grows much faster than the stock, so that in a few years 
there is a great disproportion in their size; and where they happen to stand exposed to strong winds, 
the graft is frequently broken from the stock, after many years growth; for which reason I would 
caution every person not to purchase any of these trees which have been so propagated. 
Species 3. Flowering Horn-beam. (Carpinus Virginiana.) 
The Virginian flowering Horn-beam will grow to the height of thirty feet, or more, and is of 
6 A 
