469 
wattling. He might have added, crates, springles to fasten down thatch, the roots for inlaying or 
staining. Where yeast is scarce, they twist the twigs, and steep them in ale during its fermentation, 
then hang them up to dry, and when they brew put them into the wort. 
CULTURE. 
This sort may be propagated by its nuts in February; which, in order to preserve them good, 
should be kept in sand in a moist cellar, where the vermin cannot come at them to destroy them, 
nor should the external air be excluded from them, which would occasion their growing mouldy. 
The Filbert can only be kept true to its kind by suckers or layers; which last make the best trees. 
In some parts of Kent plantations of Filberts are much attended to. The trees are never suffered 
to rise above six feet in height, and are regularly pruned like Gooseberry bushes. They are planted 
at the distance of twelve feet, and when full spread, the cup formed by the branches is six feet 
diameter. The spaces are cultivated with hoeing crops, the vigour of the trees depending on the 
stirring of the ground.* 
Genus 13 . Crataegus. Beam-tree, Wild Service, Hawthorn. 
Class XII. Icosandria. Order II. Digynia. 
Species 1. White Beam-tree. (Crataegus Aria.) 
This tree rises to the height of thirty or forty feet, with a large trunk, dividing into many 
branches; the young shoots have a brown bark, covered with a mealy down; the leaves are between 
two and three inches long, and one inch and a half broad in the middle, of a light green on their 
upper side, but white on their under, having many prominent transverse veins, running from the 
midrib to the border, where they are unequally serrate, some of the teeth being much deeper, and 
the segments broader than others. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches in bunches 
or corymbs, two inches or more in diameter, and very much branched. 
It is native of most parts of Europe: chiefly on dry hills and open exposures, in gravel, clay or 
chalk, and from the fissures of lime-si one rock. With us in the northern, western, and southern 
parts of the island; in Derbyshire, Norwood near London, and formerly on Hampstead heath, &c. 
Flowers in May. 
Mr. Miller says it is called White-leaf tree. According to Mr. Ray, in Worcestershire and Staf¬ 
fordshire, in Lancashire and Westmoreland it has the names of Red Chess Apples and Sea Owlers. 
In Derbyshire, they call it the Wild Rear-tree. Gerarde calls it Cumberland Hawthorn. 
The wood, being hard, tough and smooth, is used for axle-trees, wheels, walking-sticks, and the 
handles of tools. The fruit is eatable when mellowed by the autumnal frosts, and an ardent spirit 
may be distilled from it.f 
The straight handsome growth of the tree, the smoothness of the bark, the extreme whiteness on 
the under surface of the leaves, the handsome bunches of white flowers on their mealy peduncles, 
succeeded by red berries, render this a desirable tree to mix with others in ornamental plantations. 
It bears lopping, and permits grass to grow under it. 
The Swedish variety has the leaves deeply sinuated, pinnatifid, and even pinnate. The British 
tree never is so. Haller remarks that the fruit of this is bitter. It also varies with leaves not 
tomentose or white underneath; in the variety the peduncles, fruit, &c. are destitute of nap. 
* Hunter’s Evelyn. 
6 * C 
+ Withering. 
