108 E. E. Oliver —Decline of the Saradnis and the Rise of the [IS'O. 2, 
intriguing with I'lak, and if he had not rendered actual assistance, had 
encouraged his invasion ; and who in consequence was now permanently 
imprisoned in the fortress of Juzdaz in Kabulistan^ Shortly after, in 401, 
Mahmud again departed for Hindustan, against the fortress of Bhimnagar. 
riak, who at the battle of Balkh, must have been pretty well 
advanced in years, never seems to have recovered from the disappoint¬ 
ment of that defeat, and though he nourished the hope of revenge, time 
did not permit him to gratify it, for he died in 403 H.* 
Tughan or TugIn Khan 403—408 H. and Arsalan Khan. 
Sharf-ud-din Tughan, or Tugin, Khan now succeeded him in Ma- 
wara-un-Nahr and Turkistan, though it is probable he may have ruled 
territory prior to this, and it is more than likely that though ruling in 
Bukhara, the seat of his government was Kash gh ar. His authority was not 
unquestioned even in parts of Mawara-un-Nahr, while immediately be¬ 
yond was a general struggle for power. Every man did very much 
what pleased him, some had united to oppose ITak, others were nomi¬ 
nally subordinate to Mahmud, but at any time ready to set up petty 
kingdoms for themselves. The Turkish nomads spoken of as Ghuzz, a 
term that probably included tribes scattered over most of what is shown 
on modern maps as Turkistan, and who have since come to be famous 
as Turkmans or Turkomans, have been several times referred to, and, as 
also noticed, some of these had moved with their flocks and herds to the 
pasture lands of Bukhara and Samarkand, in fact had established them'- 
selves on both sides of the Oxus. There they stayed, for it can hardly 
be said they settled, embraced Islamism, and were ready to take sides in any 
expedition that offered prospects of plunder. The chief named Beghu, 
mentioned as assisting Muntasir against Ilak, a chief variously stated 
to have been a commander under Saljiik, or a son of Miisa bin Saljuk, 
and the uncle of Tughril Beg, was probably one of the first founders of 
the Saljuk family which was then coming rapidly to the front rank and 
became, within a year from the death of Mahmud, 422 H. a power of more 
importance than ever the Samanis had been. 
Major Raverty and most authorities give the name as Tughan, and 
the former suggests a possible derivation from tughan the Turkish for 
falcon—the “ falcon knight,” but on the coin No. XVII of the annexed 
plates, which is in exceptionally good preservation, the mint, Bukhara, 
* The mints on the British Museum coin of Tlak are Bukhara and Khujandah. 
to those may be added Samarkand and Farghana on coins now figured. Of Mansur 
II or Abd al Malik II Samanis no coins are known. 
