1886.] Sarat Cliandra Das —Buddhist and other legends about Khoten. 203 
Tliangssin’s travels. Lamas Redama and Manlingpa and otters con¬ 
found this river with the head waters of the Machhu (Hoangho). It 
is called Gasheshi. Then if one travels eastward he arrives at a place 
called Puan-khar. The vast arid and sandy regions lying on the north of 
Thokar, Li-yul, China, Kooli (Corea) were designated Sukatana (dry 
lands) by the ancient Indians. To the north-east of Kasikara lies the 
province of Illi and to the south not at a great distance from it, lies 
Akusu (kupir) which Thangssin designated by the name of Bharo, not far 
from which is situated Tasu tasa. To the east of Akasu lies Guchhe 
of Li-yul, now called Khu-chhu or Khuthe. These were anciently places 
of Buddhist pilgrimage. It was from Khuthe that the image of Chau- 
daua Choui of China was carried to the court of the emperor of Ts’in. To 
the east of Yarkhan and Khuthe lies the Lalo country called Kerwashar 
or Kharashar containing a fort, at some distance from which are the 
towns of Athashara, Karlo, Haimthu, The-chin, Talon, &c., inhabited 
by the Gokar people. To some distance from these places is situated 
the winter residence of Thorkod Khan. To the east of these lie the 
two provinces of Thurphan and Eshwa now called Eshora which are 
known by the general name of Eeshi-thur-phan. In Eshora there are 
numerous images of Arhats and other Indian saints, as well as the tombs 
and birth places of many Arhats of ancient time. To the north of 
Thurphan lie Danemig &c., not far from which to the east lies Hwamil 
called Khomal (probably Komal of Marco Polo), to the east of which 
lies a portion of the Great Desert. After crossing the desert and some 
mountains one reaches the western extremity of the Great Wall. The 
whole of this vast country between Samarkhan and Hwamil, and also 
including Shachu, Suchon, Kanchan, Lanchan, Liyi, Oorumussthar, 
Bakatu was included in the kingdom of Li-yul. The people of Li-yul 
were anciently a well-to-do people and their number was immense. 
In Li-yul the heat in summer and the cold in winter are very great. 
The country is rainless, and the people draw water (hardly enough 
for their wants) from glacial streams and from wells. They grow 
wheat, rice, peas, arhar, gram, different kinds of peaches (white and 
black) kakati, kachtya, karakashe, holpe, chipaka, apricots and a 
kind of grapes called bhasur, as well as different kinds of water-melons 
suclias, turtinga, and kharlinga. They are martial, stalwart, very strong, 
and straightforward. 
