1878.] 
R. B. Shaw —Stray Arlans in Tibet. 
43 
The Defective Auxiliary “ to be”. 
Present. 
1. mon or mi bans .I am 
2. tic or ti liana .thou art 
3. so ban .he is 
1. ba or beng banis .we are 
2. tsi bani .ye are 
3. te bani .they are 
Past. 
mon bus .,.I was 
tic bica (near) or astu (far) thou wast 
so bica or astu .he was 
ba buns .we were 
tsi bici or astin .ye were 
te bun or astin ..they were 
The transitive Verb has some peculiarities about its subjects. 
In the first place, all Tenses except the Past take the second nominative 
form of Pronouns, ma-sa, ti-sa, &c., and they add the particle sa to substan¬ 
tives in the nominative. Secondly, the Past Tense puts the subject in the 
Instrumentative case, and the object in the nominative, the verbal inflec¬ 
tion agreeing with the latter (not in gender, however, but in person), so as 
almost to assume a Passive form. But as there is a separate Passive, this 
Tense may be most nearly compared with the Hindustani Transitive Past 
e. g. } us-ne eh aurat mari (Hind.) “ he struck a woman” ; where the 
verb is in the feminine to agree with the object “ woman”. So in the 
Brokpa dialect : Tdshis-ya moil kutudbos “ Tashi struck me”, lit. “ by 
Tashi I was struck”, where “ kutudbbs > ' > is the Past verb-form agreeing 
with the 1st person singular. The 1st persons singular and plural (when 
occurring as objects of the action) have each a particular form of the verb 
assigned to them, while the remaining persons have a common form. 
With this explanation we will proceed to the 
CONJUGATION OF A TRANSITIVE VERB. 
Kutisti — (in order) to strike, (on account of) striking. 
Kuti-su = about to strike. 
Kutyunto = in striking, or whilst striking. 
Kutedbo = having struck. 
Imperative. 
Kuti = strike. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Future Tense, 
1 . 
2 . 
3. 
Singular. 
r kutyuns I strike (masc.) 
ma-sa < or will strike 
v. kutinis ditto (fern.) 
r kutyuna thou strikest 
< (m.) Ac. 
v kutinia ditto (f.) 
so-sa kutyalla he strikes &c. 
sa-sa kutini she strikes &c. 
tic-sa 
i 
Plural. 
ba-sa kutyenis .we strike, &c. 
tsic-sa kutyeni .ye strike, Ac. 
fe-sa kutyan 
they strike, Ac. 
