1895.] 
F. A. Sliillingford —On the Kusl River. 
7 
in the rocks and boulders in its stream, hence its name Kajli or Kajri 
in the North, the natives, as noticed by Dr. B. Hamilton, being unable 
to distinguish between the sound of the letters l and r. This was the 
main Kusi in 1731, forming at that time the western boundary of the 
district and in that year, according to Hunter, Nawab Saif Khan, of 
Purneah, crossed the Kusl and by gaining the battle of Blrnagar over 
Blr Shah of that place, acquired the parganas of Dharampur, Gorari, 
Nathpur and Dhapahar and added them to Purneah, and it is along the 
eastern boundaries of these very parganas that this river at pre¬ 
sent flows. This Kusl probably joined the Ganges near Maniharl at 
that time, to the East of Bhawanipur, the last village in the south-east 
corner of Dharampur, though an older bed still existing joined the 
Kalindri at Hayatpur in Maldah. 
(2.) The Dhamdaha Kus! known higher up as the Pheriani and 
The Dhamdaha a branch of it as the Binania, this is des- 
Kusi, 1807-11. cribed and shown in his map as the main 
Kusi by Dr. B. Hamilton in 1807-11. It flowed between Debiganj 
station on the A. B. S. R. and Nathpur, and to the East of Dhamdaha 
Thana and joined the Ganges near Karagola. Between the Kali and 
Dhamdaha Kusls there is another well defined channel called in its 
upper reaches the Livarl, and lower down the Barandi, which must have 
been occupied by the main Kusi waters between the years 1731 and 
1807, but no records can be found of the exact years. 
(3) . The Hiran main Kusi of the Revenue Survey Maps of 1840-47 
The Hiran Kusi, flowed to the West of Dhamdaha Thana, 
1840-47. and about the year 1870 began to throw off 
branches into the Daus swamps which became the main Kusi in 1873, 
and flowed into the Ganges opposite Patharghatta. 
(4) . The Daus the main Kusi from 1873 to 1893. In the Survey 
The Daus Kusi Maps of 1840-47 the Daus swamps in places 
1873-93. show an outline similar to the abandoned bed 
of the Dhamdaha Kusi shown to the eastward, and marked the “old 
bed of the Kusi. ” This Kusi flowed into the Ghagri river. 
(5.) The Loran, into which the Kusi began to throw in offshoots 
in 1893, has become the main Kusi since 1893 
sinc^l89>3f an '^‘ US ^ (inclusive), and still carries the bulk of its 
waters. 
It is important to bear in mind that the name “ Kusi ” is applied 
generally to any river that may carry the bulk of its waters for the 
time being ; but locally, the original river, which it has adopted as its 
course, still retains its name, such as Hiran, Daus, Loran, &c. 
Other Rivers in North Bhagalpur, which show signs of having been 
