1895.] H. G. Raverfcy —Tibbat three hundred and sixty-five years ago. 85 
through Turkistan towards Hind [the borders are doubtless meant, and 
by a different route from that by which he went], with a vast amount of 
booty; and from thence conducted his forces back to Yaman, having 
been absent on this expedition for a period of seven years. “ Those 12,000 
men were never withdrawn from the skirts of the territory of Tibbat; 
and vestiges of them are still to be found in Turkistan in that direction.” 
The Tajzlks of Turan are their probable descendants. 
Shamir is also said to have destroyed, at the outset of this ex¬ 
pedition, the ancient capital of the Sughd, and to have founded another 
town in its place, which was named Shamir-kand, hand in Turk! mean¬ 
ing a town, which ‘Arabs change to qand , and which in course of time 
grew into a city, and its name to Samr-qand. According to the chroni¬ 
clers quoted, Shamir lived in the time of Kai-Gushtasib and Bahman, 
rulers of I-ran-Zamin. It was the former who removed Bukht-un- 
Nassar (Nebuchadnezzer) from the government of Babal, for his cruelty 
towards the Ban! Isra‘11. 
The ‘Aja’ibu-l-baladan says much the same as ut-Tabarl respecting 
the Tubba‘yawa‘ invasion. 
The “ Kitab-i-Masalik wa Mamalik” says: “If one desires to pro¬ 
ceed from the east [Gin] towards the west, by the country of the Nae- 
mans, the territory of Khirkhlz, the Taghar-i-Ghuzz, and Klmak, towards 
the sea, it is a journey of nearly four months. * * * * The country 
of Tibbat lies between the land of Khirkhlz and the kingdom of Cin. 
Cm lies between the sea, the land of the Ghuzz, and Tibbat, etc.” 
Ibn Hauqal who finished his work in 366 H. (976 A.D.), states, that 
he saw a gate at Samr-qand, the front of which was overlaid with iron, 
and on it was an inscription in the Hamirl language, saying, that “ from 
San‘a to Shamar, or Samr-qand, is a distance of one thousand farsaJchs” 
The Tasmiyatu-l-baladan says that in those early times Samr- 
qand was called Cin! 
In his history, entitled the “ Tarlkh-i-Rashldi,” the Mirza, Muham¬ 
mad Haidar, first refers to Tibbat in the following words. 1 
“ On the west side of Kashghar likewise, a great range extends, 
which branches off from the mountain ranges of Mughalistan, and runs 
from the north towards the south. The writer of this work has tra¬ 
versed the mazes of this great range for a distance of six months’ 
journey, and even then had not reached the extremity thereof, as will 
presently be explained.” * * * * 
1 I may mention that I translated this account of Tibbat from Mirza. Haidar’s 
work some seventeen years ago; and other extracts have appeared in the Trans¬ 
lation of the Tabaqdt-i-Ndsiri, and my Notes on Afghanistan, etc. 
