1895.] H. Gr. Raverfcy— Tibbat three hundred and sixty-five years ago. 87 
Mughalistan, 1 the whole of which branches out in different directions, 
passes north of Kashghar, bends down to the west of that territory, and 
then bending southwards again, passes south of Kashghar. The territory 
of Farghanah also lies to the westward of Kash gh ar. and this very range 
here referred to lies between them. Thus the portion lying between 
Kash gh ar and Far gh anah is called Alae. Badakhshan lies to the west 
of Yar-kand, and there likewise the range in question lies between; 
and this last portion of it, lying between Yar-kand and Badakhshan is 
called the Pa-mir, 2 which, in some places, is seven or eight days’ jour¬ 
ney in breadth. After it passes beyond this [southwards], there are 
some of the mountain skirts [hill tracts] of Yar-kand, which adjoin 
Bilaur, such as Ras-kam and Tagh-i-Dum Bash. When it has passed 
beyond this again, then comes the region of Tibbat. Badakhshan lies 
on the summer west [ i.e ., the direction in which the sun sets in the 
height of summer] of Yar-kand, as previously mentioned, and Kash¬ 
mir lies on the winter west of Yar-kand; and the very same range of 
mountains runs between them. That portion of it which lies between 
Yar-kand and Kash-mir, is that part of the region of Tibbat which is 
known as Balti. 3 In the same manner as this range is very broad from 
the Alae Pa-Mir, in Balti it is still more so, being twenty days’ journey 
in breadth. For example, the pass ascending into it on the side of 
Yar-kand is the l Uqbah, or Pass, of Sanju, and that for descending 
from it towards Kash-mir is the l Uqbah, or Pass, of Skardu or Iskardu, 
and between these two Passes the distance is twenty days’ journey. 
In the same way, on the winter west of Khutan some of the districts 
and provinces of Hind lie, such as Lahor, Sultan-pur, and Maci-Warali; 
and that same range of mountains previously mentioned lies between. 
That portion which lies between Khutan, and the before-mentioned 
places between Khutan and Hind] belongs to the country of Tibbat, 
such as Arduk, Kokah, and Asbati. 
“ In the same manner, it is necessary to understand, that west and 
south of the great range which I have previously mentioned as termi- 
1 Which the Chinese style Thian-Shan. 
2 In one of his recent letters—the last I think — to The Times on “The Pamir 
Question,” M. Yambery says: “ I must begin by alluding to the rather curious fact 
that the name Pamir , as a geographical denomination, is utterly unknown in Turkes¬ 
tan. It does not occur in any of the historical records extant.” Here is a proof 
of it, as may be found in many “ records extantbut no such term applied to it as 
“ Bdm-i-Dunya (roof of the world) ” can be shown in any oriental record whatever: 
the term is a purely European invention. 
See my Notes on Afghanistan , etc., page 295-307, for what Bilaur consists of, 
and where it lies. 
3 In another place he says Balti is a territory lying between Bilaur and Tibbat. 
