88 H. Gr. Raverty— Tibbat three hundred and sixty-jive years ago. [No. 2, 
Dating on. the south-east as far as Klioju and Salar, dependencies of 
Qamju and Sukju-i of Khita. 1 is Hindustan; and that from Bahrah 
and Lahor to Bangalah, the whole lie on the southern skirts of this 
great mountain range. All the rivers of Hind flow out of it; and the 
whole of the region of Tibbat follows, and is conformable with, the 
courses of all those rivers [on those sides]. To the north and east of 
Tibbat are Yar-kand, Khutan. Jar-jan [“ Charchand ” of A—K’s 
explorations and map], Lob, Kanak, and the Sarlgh I-ghur, and the 
rest is sandy desert, the boundary of which adjoins Qam-cu and Suk¬ 
ju-i of Kh ita. 
The rivers issuing from the mountains of Tibbat flowing towards 
the west and south, are all rivers of Hind, such as the Nll-Ab, the 
Ab-i-Bahrah [the Bihat or Jihlam], the Cin-ab, the Ab-i-Lahor [the 
Bawi], the Ab-i-Sultan-pur [the Biah, which in the author’s day flowed 
close to Sultan-pur], and the Ab-i-Bij-Warah [the Sutlaj ?], the com¬ 
bined volumes of which rivers signify, in other words, the Darya-i-Sind 
[Indus]. On the other hand, the Jun [or Yamuna, vul. “ Jamna,”], the 
Gang, and other rivers, all enter Bangalah, and unite with the ocean ; and 
all that flow out of the mountains of Tibbat towards the east and north, 
such as the river of Yar-kand [Zar-Afshan], 2 the Aq-Qash, the Qara- 
1 The Fanakati says: “ What the people themselves call Khan-zju Khan-que. 
which the Mughals call Jaqut, or Jah-qut, and Hindus call Cm, and we people of 
Mawara-un-Nahr call Khita or Khitae.” See Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, page 912. 
2 In the article on the “ Pevtsof Expedition,” in the Geographical Journal, 
for July, 1893, we learn with respect to the “ Yarlcand-daria ,” that the Russian spies 
were unable to carry their observations farther south than “ Ish-debeh —“ Unfor¬ 
tunately no contemporaneous observations were made, and therefore no positive 
conclusions could be formed. The Yarkand-daria is the chief river of Eastern 
Turkestan; its course is upwards of 1,300 miles long, and the determination of its 
sources is an interesting geographical problem,” page 62. 
As to this “ problem,” MIrza Haidar says, in another part of his work, that 
“ The water of the river of Yar-kand is the best of the waters of the world (in 
purity), and all the praises which physicians and sages have bestowed upon it are 
true and just. At the distance of one month’s journey it issues from the mountains 
of Tibbat, and originates from the melting of snow and ice [from a glacier ?], and 
flows from south towards the north over rocks and sand, and with great swiftness. 
When it reaches Sarlq Kol, which is the name of a well known territory of Kash- 
gliar, its rapidity increases, and it dashes, and is dashed, against rocks and stones, 
and flows towards the east for a distance of seven days’ journey, until it reaches 
more level, open ground, and then flows for a distance of two days’ journey more in 
a stony, rocky bed, with great rapidity, until it reaches Yar-kand,” etc., etc. 
According to the Survey Report, written nearly a century since, repeatedly 
quoted by me in my Notes on Afghanistan, “ the interesting geographical 
problem ” was then solved. It states, that after leaving the pass over the Qara- 
Quram range towards Yar-kand, instead of keeping towards the north towards the 
